选修一册第一单元阅读讲解

选修一册第一单元第02页阅读讲解

TU YOUYOU AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE
屠呦呦荣获诺贝尔奖

6 October 2015
2015年10月6日

physiology
noun [ U ]/ˌfɪz.iˈɒl.ə.dʒi/
(the scientific study of) the way in which the bodies of living things work
生理学

medicine noun (TREATMENT) [ U ]/ˈmed.ɪ.sən/
treatment for illness or injury, or the study of this
医术；医学

award verb [ T ] /əˈwɔːd/
to give money or a prize following an official decision
给予，授予；判给，裁定

co- prefix
together; with
一起，共同

prefix noun [C] (GRAMMAR)/ˈpriː.fɪks/
LANGUAGE
a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to make a new word
前缀

artemisinin[,ɑːtɪ'miːsɪnɪn]
n. 青蒿[hāo]素（抗疟药）；青蒿提取物

crucial adjective /ˈkruː.ʃəl/
extremely important or necessary
至关重要的；关键的；决定性的

malaria noun [ U ] /məˈleə.ri.ə/
a disease that you can get from the bite of a particular type of mosquito[/məˈskiː.təʊ/蚊子] (= a small flying insect). Malaria causes periods[一段时间] of fever and makes you shiver[/ˈʃɪv.ɚ/轻微颤抖，发抖] and feel very cold. It is common in many hotter parts of the world.
疟疾

hundreds of thousands of
几十万；无数

vital adjective (IMPORTANT)/ˈvaɪ.t̬əl/
necessary for the success or continued existence of something; extremely important
必不可少的；极其重要的

think verb (CONSIDER)/θɪŋk/
[ I or T ]
to believe something or have an opinion or idea
相信；觉得；思考
This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to improved health for millions of people. Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600,000 die from it. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.
本年度的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖已授予屠呦呦(得主之一)，她的研究使青蒿素这种至关重要的新型抗疟疾药物得以发现。青蒿素挽救了成千上万人的生命，改善了很多人的健康状况。全世界每年有2亿多人感染疟疾，其中约60万人死于该种疾病。青蒿素成了抗疟疾药物的关键成分，据估计每年仅在非洲就挽救了10万人的性命。

committed adjective /kəˈmɪt.ɪd/
loyal[忠诚的] and willing to give your time and energy to something that you believe in
忠诚的；坚定的；尽职尽责的

academy noun [ C ]/əˈkæd.ə.mi/
an organization intended[计划] to protect and develop an art, science, language, etc.
研究院

form verb[ I or T ]
to begin to exist or to make something begin to exist
（使）出现，（使）形成，（使）产生

objective noun [ C ] /əbˈdʒek.tɪv/
something that you plan to do or achieve
目标；目的

head noun (LEADER) [ C ]
someone in charge of or leading an organization, group, etc.
领导人，负责人

review verb (THINK AGAIN) /rɪˈvjuː/ [ T ]
to think or talk about something again, in order to make changes to it or to make a decision about it
审查；仔细审核

text noun [ U ]
the written words in a book, magazine, etc., not the pictures
（书、杂志等中区别于图片的）正文，文字材料

botanical adjective /bəˈtæn.ɪ.kəl/
involving or relating to plants or the study of plants
植物（学）的；和植物（学）有关的

examine verb [T] (LOOK AT CAREFULLY)/ɪɡˈzæm.ɪn/
to look at or consider[斟酌] a person or thing carefully and in detail in order to discover something about them.
（仔细地）检查，审查，调查

evaluate verb [ T ] /ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/
to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something
评估，评价；估值

property noun (QUALITY)/ˈprɒp.ə.ti/[ C ]
a quality in a substance[物质] or material[材料], especially one that means that it can be used in a particular way
属性，性能，特性

distinct adjective (DIFFERENT)/dɪˈstɪŋkt/
clearly separate[不同的] and different (from something else)
明显不同的，差别明显的

promise noun (EXPECTED)[ U ]
the idea that someone or something is likely to develop successfully and that people expect this to happen
（成功的）迹象，征兆；（有）出息，（有）前途

fight [ C ]
a situation in which you use a lot of effort to defeat[打败] someone or achieve something, or to stop something happening
斗争
Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease. Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.
屠呦呦，这位尽职尽责、锲而不舍的科学家1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学部(原北京医学院)。毕业后，她就职于北京的中国中医研究院。1967年，中国政府成立了一支科学家团队，旨在发现新型抗疟疾疗法，屠呦呦入选首批研究人员。起初，屠呦呦奔赴疟疾更为常见的海南研究疟疾患者。1969年，她在北京成了该项目的负责人，并决定从中医药古方中寻找应对疟疾的传统植物疗法。她的团队研读了2000多篇(个)中医药古籍(古方)，评估了28万种植物的药学属性。通过研究，他们发现并测试了380种不同的有望战胜疟疾的古代中医疗法。

extract noun (PLANT)/ˈek.strækt/[ C or U ]
a substance taken from a plant, flower, etc. and used especially in food or medicine
（尤指食物或药物的）提出物，精华，汁

wormwood[ˈwɜːmwʊd]
n. [植] 苦艾

sweet wormwood
青蒿[qīng hāo]

collection[ C ]
a lot of things or people
一堆（东西）；一群（人）

obtain verb (GET) [ T ]
to get something, especially by asking for it, buying it, working for it, or producing it from something else
得到，获得

stuck adjective
in a difficult situation, or unable to change or get away from a situation
陷入困境的；难以改变的；难以摆脱的

acknowledge /əkˈnɒl.ɪdʒ/ verb [ T ]
to accept, admit, or recognize something, or the truth or existence of something
承认；认可…属实或存在

defeat /dɪˈfiːt/ noun [ C or U ]
the fact of losing against someone in a fight or competition, or when someone or something is made to fail
失败；战败；落败

analyse verb [ T ] UK (US analyze) /ˈæn.əl.aɪz/
to study or examine something in detail, in order to discover more about it
分析

chance noun (LUCK)[ U ]
the force[力量] that causes[导致] things to happen without any known[已知的] cause[原因] or reason[理由] for doing so
偶然，碰巧；巧合

treat verb (PUT ON)[ T ]
to put a special substance on material
处理

conclude /kənˈkluːd/ verb (JUDGE) [ T ]
to judge[（尤指认真考虑之后）断定] or decide something after thinking carefully about it
断定；决定；推断出；作出（结论）

apparently adverb /əˈpær.ənt.li/
used to say that something seems to be true, although it is not certain
好像；似乎；看起来

draw out取出

insist verb [ I ] /ɪnˈsɪst/
to say firmly or demand forcefully, especially when others disagree with or oppose what you say
坚持说，强调；坚决要求

insist[/ɪnˈsɪst/] on doing sth
to keep doing something, even if it annoys other people, or people think it is not good for you
（即使惹恼他人，或被人认为对自己无益，依然）执意做（某事）

standard adjective /ˈstæn.dəd/
usual rather than special, especially when thought of as being correct or acceptable
标准的；规范的；通常的
One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever. Tu's team tested a collection of dried wormwood leaves but found no effect. They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either. Their project got stuck. However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood. She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971. Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. This medicine，which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
一本四世纪的医学文献建议采用青蒿提取物治疗发烧。屠呦呦的团队测试了一组干青蒿叶，但是发现无效。之后，他们尝试水煮新鲜青蒿叶，用熬出的液体治疗疟疾，但是依旧无效。他们的项目陷入了僵局。然而，屠呦呦并不认输。她再次分析医学文献，碰巧发现其中有一句话建议采用一种不同的方法处理青蒿。她得出结论，认为水煎青蒿似乎破坏了它的药学属性。通过使用更低的温度萃取提取物后，她发现了一种有效物质。经历了190多次的失败之后，团队终于在1971年获得了成功。屠呦呦与团队成员甚至坚持以身试药，以确保药物的安全性。随后，该药物试用于疟疾患者，其中大多数人康复了。这种被称为青蒿素的药物很快就成为治疗疟疾的标准疗法。

According to Tu Youyou, the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, “The honour is not just mine. There is a team behind me, and all the people of my country. This success proves the great value of traditional Chinese medicine. It is indeed an honour for China's scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world.”
据屠呦呦所说，青蒿素的发现是团队共同努力的结果。获悉自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，她说：“这份荣誉不仅仅属于我。我的身后是一个团队以及全国人民。这项成功印证了传统中医药的巨大价值。中国的科学研究和中医药得以在全世界传播确实是一个荣誉。”

选修一册第一单元第08页阅读讲解

THE MAN WHO CHANGED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE
改变我们对宇宙认知的人

numerous adjective /ˈnjuː.mə.rəs/
many
许多的，大量的

general adjective (NOT DETAILED)
not detailed, but including the most basic or necessary information
大体的；大致的；笼统的；广义的

relativity noun [U] (IN PHYSICS)
either of two theories of physics giving the relationship between space, time, and energy, especially for two objects moving in different ways[两种物理学理论之一，给出空间、时间和能量之间的关系，尤指两个以不同方式运动的物体]
相对论

formula /ˈfɔː.mjə.lə/[ C ]
a mathematical rule expressed in a set of numbers and letters
公式，方程式

courageous adjective /kəˈreɪ.dʒəs/
having or showing courage[勇气，胆量]
勇敢的，有胆量的，有勇气的

figure /ˈfɪɡ.ər/ noun [C] (SHAPE)
the shape of the human body, or a person
外形，轮廓；人影；人物
Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc². Einstein was not only a genius; he was a courageous and kind figure loved by many people.
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦----这位或许是现代物理学领域最伟大的科学家----被公认是有史以来智商最高的人之一。他为世界作出了无数的贡献，最为出名的当数广义相对论和著名的方程式E=mc²。爱因斯坦不仅是一位天才，而且是一位广受爱戴的勇敢、善良的人。

exceptional adjective /ɪkˈsep.ʃən.əl/
much greater than usual, especially in skill, intelligence, quality, etc.
（尤指在技能、才智、品质等方面）卓越的，杰出的，不同凡响的

manage verb (SUCCEED) [ I or T ]
to succeed in doing or dealing with something, especially something difficult
成功做到，胜利完成（尤指困难之事）
This gentle genius was born in Germany on 14 March 1879. When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics. After studying for another year, he managed to pass the exam, entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900.
1879年3月14日，这位性情温和的天才出生于德国。16岁时，他报考瑞士的大学，尽管入学考试中的数学和物理成绩十分优异，但是因为通识部分的成绩低而未被录取。再学习了一年后，他终于成功通过了考试，于1896年进入大学，1900年毕业。

patent /ˈpæt.ənt/ or /ˈpeɪ.tənt/ adjective (LEGAL RIGHT)
A patent invention is protected by law so that only particular people or companies have the right to make or sell it.
专利权

a passion[/ˈpæʃ.ən/] for sth
an extreme interest in or wish for doing something, such as a hobby, activity, etc.
对…的热爱，对…的强烈爱好

doctorate noun [ C ] /ˈdɒk.tər.ət/
the highest degree from a university
博士学位

miracle noun [ C ] /ˈmɪr.ə.kəl/
an unusual and mysterious event that is thought to have been caused by a god because it does not follow the usual laws of nature
奇迹

extraordinary adjective /ɪkˈstrɔː.dɪn.ər.i/
very unusual, special, unexpected, or strange
非凡的；特别的；意想不到的；令人惊奇的

paper[ C ]
a piece of writing on a particular subject written by an expert and usually published in a book or journal[杂志，期刊], or read aloud to other people
（发表或宣读的）论文

new adjective (DIFFERENT)[ before noun ]
different from one that existed earlier
新的；有别于从前的

full-time[/ˌfʊlˈtaɪm/] adjective, adverb
(of work or education) done for the whole of a working week
全日制的；专职的

explanation noun [ C or U ] /ˌek.spləˈneɪ.ʃən/
the details or reasons that someone gives to make something clear or easy to understand
解释；说明；给出的原因

photoelectric adjective /ˌfəʊ.təʊ.ɪˈlek.trɪk/
of or using an electrical current[/ˈkʌr.ənt/电流] or voltage[/ˈvɒl.tɪdʒ/电压] that is produced because of light
光电的

effect /ɪˈfekt/ noun (RESULT) [ C or U ]
the result of a particular influence
效果；影响；结果
After two years of looking for work as a teacher, Einstein took a job as a clerk in the Swiss patent office. While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905. That same year, which was later recorded as a miracle year in science, he published four extraordinary physics papers. Following this, he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton. After four years, he was able to quit his job at the patent office and enter research full-time at a university. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.
寻找教师的工作岗位两年无果后，他在瑞士专利局觅得一份职员的工作。工作期间，出于强烈的求知欲，他仍继续学习，于1905年获得物理学博士学位。同年----这一年后来被称为科学上的奇迹年----他发表了四篇非同寻常的物理学论文。此后，他渐渐闻名于世，被誉为第二个艾萨克·牛顿。四年后，他辞去了专利局的工作，进入一所大学做全职研究。1922年，他因解释光电效应而荣获1921年度的诺贝尔物理学奖。

circumstance noun /ˈsɜː.kəm.stɑːns/
[ C usually plural ]
a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is[使情况变成现在这样的事实或事件]
条件，情况；情形，形势

Jewish[ˈdʒuːɪʃ]
adj. 犹太人的

academic /ˌæk.əˈdem.ɪk/ adjective (STUDYING)
relating to schools, colleges, and universities, or connected with studying and thinking, not with practical skills
学校的；学院的；学术的

institution /ˌɪn.stəˈtuː.ʃən/ noun (ORGANIZATION)[ C ]
a large and important organization, such as a university or bank
（大学、银行等）机构，团体

consequence noun [ C ] /ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwəns/
a result of a particular action or situation, often one that is bad or not convenient
（常指不好或不利的）结果，后果

flee verb [ I or T, never passive ] /fliː/
to escape by running away, especially because of danger or fear
（尤指因危险或恐惧而）逃跑

take up开始从事

position /pəˈzɪʃ.ən/ [ C ]
a job
工作；职务

Princeton n. 普林斯顿[位于美国东海岸新泽西州的城市和大学]

following preposition
after
在…之后

achievement noun [ C or U ] /əˈtʃiːv.mənt/
something very good and difficult that you have succeeded in doing
成就，成绩；功绩
Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. As a consequence, he had to flee Germany. After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. Following that, he continued to make great achievements in physics and mathematics.
1933年，希特勒在德国上台，形势发生了变化。身为犹太人的爱因斯坦发现学术机构纷纷对他关上大门。因此，他不得不逃离德国。在欧洲度过一段时间后，他终于在美国普林斯顿高等研究院谋得研究员一职。此后，他继续在物理学和数学领域获得重大成就。

slightly adverb (SMALL IN AMOUNT)
a little
稍微，略微

odd adjective (STRANGE)
strange or unexpected
奇怪的，古怪的；异常的；出人意料的

thick adjective (CLOSE TOGETHER)
growing close together and in large amounts
密的，密集的；茂密的

moustache /ˈmʌs.tæʃ/
hair that a man grows above his upper[上面的] lip[嘴唇]
髭[zī]，八字须

beard noun [ C ] /bɪəd/
the hair that some men allow to grow on the lower part of their face
（下巴上的）胡须；髯[rán]

stand on end
立置(着)

peculiarity noun (STRANGE)/pɪˌkjuː.liˈær.ə.ti/
[ C or U ]
the quality of being strange or unusual, or an unusual characteristic or habit
古怪；奇异；怪癖

encounter verb [T] (MEET) /ɪnˈkaʊn.tər/
formal
to meet someone unexpectedly
邂逅，不期而遇，偶然碰到
To the public, he was seen as a slightly odd-looking but kind and funny man. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock. Although he was a genius, he sometimes forgot things, like his friends' birthdays. But despite his peculiarities, he was loved by his friends and neighbors. There is even a story about how he helped a little girl who knocked on his door and asked for help with her homework. In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him and ask him to help explain things. After many such occasions, he finally started saying, “Pardon me! Sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein!”
在大众眼中，爱因斯坦是一个外表有点古怪但生性善良、风趣幽默的人。他胡须浓密，头发又长又白，有时会像刚遭了电击似的竖起来。虽然他是个天才，但他有时也会忘记一些事情，如朋友的生日。尽管怪癖不少，他仍然颇受朋友和邻居的喜爱。甚至有一件轶事，说的是他如何为一名上门求助的小女孩讲解家庭作业。事实上，爱因斯坦经常遇到有人当街拦住他，请他解释各种事物。这样的情形多次发生之后，他最后只好开始说：“请原谅！抱歉！我老是被误认为是爱因斯坦教授！”

mourn verb [ I or T ] /mɔːn/
to feel or express great sadness, especially because of someone's death
（尤指因某人的亡故而）哀悼，悲伤

brilliant adjective (INTELLIGENT)/ˈbrɪl.jənt/
extremely intelligent or skilled
颇有才气的，聪颖的；技艺高超的
On 18 April 1955, it was reported that Einstein had passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.
1955年4月18日，噩耗传来，爱因斯坦与世长辞，全世界都哀悼一代科学巨星的陨落。