选修一册第四单元阅读讲解

选修一册第四单元第38页阅读讲解

LISTENING TO HOW BODIES TALK
听听肢体是怎么说话的

interaction /ˌɪn.təˈræk.ʃən/
noun [ C or U ]
an occasion[时刻] when two or more people or things communicate with or react[作出回应] to each other
交流，交往；相互作用，相互影响

react /riˈækt/
verb [ I ]
to act in a particular way as a direct result of something else
反应；作出回应

way noun (MANNER[举止])
[ S ]
the manner[举止] in which someone behaves or thinks
（思维）风格；（行事）作风

hold verb (SUPPORT[支撑]) [ T ]
to take and keep something in your hand or arms
握住，抓住，抱

【语法解读】

Words are important, but the way (in which/that省略！【此处决不可用how！！！】) people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands can also give us information about their feelings.

关系代词in which/that省略！先行词the way在定语从句people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands中作状语！
We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions in our interactions with other people. We can learn a lot about what people are thinking by watching their body language. Words are important, but the way people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands can also give us information about their feelings.
在与他人的交往中，我们用话语和肢体语言来表达自己的思想和观点。通过观察人们的肢体语言，我们可以洞察他们的想法。话语十分重要，但是人们站立、双手抱臂和移动双手的姿势，也能为我们提供有关他们情感的信息。

vary /ˈveə.ri/ verb [I or T] (BE DIFFERENT)
If things of the same type vary, they are different from each other, and if you vary them, you cause them to be different from each other.
（使）不同；（使）呈现差异

crucial /ˈkruː.ʃəl/
adjective
extremely important or necessary
至关重要的；关键的；决定性的

appropriate /əˈprəʊ.pri.ət/
adjective
suitable or right for a particular situation[情况] or occasion[场合]
适当的，恰当的；合适的

display /dɪˈspleɪ/ verb [T] (SHOW)
to show a feeling
显露，表露（情感）

contrast /ˈkɑːn.træst/
noun [ C or U ]
an obvious[明显的] difference between two or more things
差别，差异；对照，对比

approve verb (HAVE A GOOD OPINION) [ I ]
to have a positive opinion of someone or something
赞成；同意；称许；认可

permit /pəˈmɪt/
verb[ T ]
to allow something
允许，准许

demonstrate /ˈdem.ən.streɪt/ verb (SHOW)[ T ]
to show or make something clear
显示；表明
Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture. The crucial thing is using body language in a way that is appropriate to the culture you are in. For example, making eye contact—looking into someone's eyes—in some countries is a way to display interest. In other countries, by contrast, eye contact is not always approved of. For example, in many Middle Eastern countries, men and women are not socially permitted to make eye contact. In Japan, it may demonstrate respect to look down when talking to an older person.
不同的文化有着不同的肢体语言，这与口头语言相似。使用肢体语言时，最重要的是要符合你所处的文化。例如、在一些国家，眼神交流(即直视某人的眼睛)是表示兴趣的一种方式。相反，在另一些国家，眼神交流并不总是被认可。例如，在许多中东国家，社交上不允许男性和女性进行眼神交流。在日本，与年长者交谈时，目光下垂表示敬重。

witness /ˈwɪt.nəs/ verb [T] (BE PRESENT)
to see something happen, especially an accident or crime
目击，看到（尤指事故或犯罪）

employ /ɪmˈplɔɪ/ verb (USE) [ T ] formal
to use something
使用；利用

1.encounter /ɪnˈkaʊn.t̬ɚ/ verb [T] (MEET)formal
to meet someone unexpectedly
邂逅，不期而遇，偶然碰到

2.encounter /ɪnˈkaʊn.t̬ɚ/ verb [T] (EXPERIENCE)
to experience something, especially something unpleasant
遭遇，遇到（尤指不愉快的事情）

identical /aɪˈden.tɪ.kəl/ adjective
exactly the same, or very similar
完全相同的；极为相似的

1.interpret /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/ verb (FIND MEANING)[ T ]
to decide[判定] what the intended[打算的] meaning of something is
理解，解释，阐释

2.interpret /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/ verb (BETWEEN LANGUAGES) [ I or T ]
to change what someone is saying into another language
翻译，口译

decide /dɪˈsaɪd/ verb
[ I or T ]
to choose something, especially after thinking carefully about several possibilities
（尤指仔细考虑后）决定，决断，确定

avoid /əˈvɔɪd/ verb [ T ]
to prevent[预防] something from happening or to not allow yourself to do something
避免；防止

prevent /prɪˈvent/ verb [ T ]
to stop something from happening or someone from doing something
阻止，妨碍；预防

as conjunction (BECAUSE)
because
因为，由于

consider verb (OPINION)
[ T often + obj宾语 + (to be) + noun/adj ]
to believe someone or something to be, or think of him, her, or it as something
认为；把…当作
The gesture for “OK” has different meanings in different cultures. In Japan, someone who witnesses another person employing the gesture might think it means money. In France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero. However, you should avoid making this gesture in Brazil and Germany, as it is not considered polite.
“OK”这个手势在不同的文化中有着不同的含义。在日本，一个人看到另外一个人使用这手势，可能会认为这表示金钱。在法国，看到同一个手势的人可能会将其解读为“零”。然而，在巴西和德国，你应该避免作出这一手势，因为这是一个被视为不礼貌的手势。

differ /ˈdɪf.ər/ verb [ I ]
to be not like something or someone else, either physically or in another way
与…不同，跟…不一样，有区别

part /pɑːt/ verb [ I or T ]
to separate[分离；分开] or cause something or someone to separate
（使）分开

cheek /tʃiːk/ noun (FACE) [ C ]
the soft part of your face that is below your eye and between your mouth and ear
脸颊，面颊，脸蛋

elsewhere /ˌelsˈweər/ adverb
at, in, from, or to another place or other places; anywhere or somewhere else
在别处；去别处；到别处

favour /ˈfeɪ.vər/
verb [ T ] UK (US favor)
to support or prefer one particular possibility
赞同；较喜欢

bow /baʊ/ verb [ I or T ]
to bend your head or body forward, especially as a way of showing someone respect or expressing thanks to people who have watched you perform
（使）鞠躬；（使）欠身；点头致意
Even the gestures we use for “yes” and “no” differ around the world. In many countries, shaking one's head means “no”, and nodding means “yes”. By comparison, in Bulgaria and southern Albania, the gestures have the opposite meaning. There are also differences in how we touch each other, how close we stand to someone we are talking to, and how we act when we meet or part. In countries like France and Russia, people may kiss their friends on the cheek when they meet. Elsewhere, people favour shaking hands, bowing from the waist, or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
即便是用于表示肯定和否定的身势语，在世界各地也不尽相同。在许多国家，摇头表示否定，点头表示肯定。相比之下，在保加利亚和阿尔巴尼亚南部地区，这两个身势语的含义截然相反。在身体接触方式、站着交谈时双方的距离、见面和告别的动作方面，也有很多差异。在法国、俄罗斯等国，朋友见面时会相互亲吻脸颊。在其他地区，与别人见面时，人们更喜欢握手鞠躬或点头。

everywhere /ˈev.ri.weər/ adverb
(US informal also everyplace)
to, at, or in all places or the whole of a place
各个地方，处处，各处

place /pleɪs/ verb (POSITION)[ I or T ]
to put something in a particular position
放置，安放，摆

rest verb (REMAIN)formal
to remain[保持不变] in a particular state or place
保持不变

stomach /ˈstʌm.ək/ noun [ C ]
plural stomachs
an organ in the body where food is digested[/daɪˈdʒest/消化], or the soft front part of your body just below the chest[/tʃest/胸部]
胃；肚子，腹部
Some gestures seem to have the same meaning everywhere. Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes means “sleep”. A good way of saying “I am full” is moving your hand in circles over your stomach after a meal.
有些手势似乎在任何地方含义都相同。双手合十放在头部的一侧，同时闭上你的眼睛，意为“睡觉”。表示“我吃饱了”的一个好方式，就是在饭后用手在肚子上画圈。

use /juːs/ noun (PURPOSE) [ C or U ]
a purpose for which something is used
用途，用处

barrier /ˈbær.i.ər/ noun [C] (OBSTACLE[/ˈɒb.stə.kəl/障碍])
anything that prevents people from being together or understanding each other
障碍；阻碍；隔阂

break down barriers
to improve understanding and communication between people who have different opinions
扫除障碍，打破藩篱[fān lí]

down /daʊn/ adjective (UNHAPPY)
unhappy; unable to feel excited[兴奋的] or energetic[精力充沛的] about anything
不高兴的；情绪低落的，提不起精神的
Some body language has many different uses. Perhaps the best example is smiling. A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers. A smile can break down barriers. We can use a smile to apologise, to greet someone, to ask for help, or to start a conversation. Experts suggest smiling at yourself in the mirror to make yourself feel happier and stronger. And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.
某些肢体语言有着许多不同的用处。也许最佳的例子就是微笑了。微笑可以帮助我们摆脱困境，在陌生的世界里找到朋友。微笑可以打破隔阂。我们可以用微笑来道歉、问候他人、寻求帮助或主动攀谈。专家建议，我们应该对着镜子微笑，让自己感到更加快乐和坚强。当我们感到沮丧或孤单时，最美好的事情莫过于看到好友的笑脸。

选修一册第四单元第43页阅读讲解

HOW DO I KNOW MY STUDENTS?
我是如何了解我的学生的？

go on(HAPPEN)
to happen
进行；发生

not all that
informal
not very
不太

what makes sb tick
If you know what makes someone tick, you understand why that person behaves the way he or she does.
使（某人）做…的原因
As an educator, people often ask me how I know what is going on in the minds of my students. Many students are quite shy and don't speak all that much. At the same time, in a classroom of more than forty students, it is hard to have many one-on-one conversations with each person. So, how can I really know what makes each student tick?
作为一名教育工作者，人们经常问我，我是怎么知道学生的脑子里在想什么的。许多学生生性腼腆，沉默寡言。同时，班上的学生有四十多人，想与每位学生一对一谈话不是那么容易。那么，我是如何搞清楚每个学生为何会这样(或那样)的呢？

My answer? I look at their body language.
想知道我的答案吗？我观察他们的肢体语言。

recognize /ˈrek.əɡ.naɪz/ verb (KNOW)[ T ]
to know someone or something because you have seen or heard him or her or experienced it before
认出，认识；识别

tend verb (BE LIKELY)[ I ]
to be likely to behave in a particular way or have a particular characteristic[特点，特征]
倾向；易于；往往会

confused /kənˈfjuːzd/ adjective
unable to think clearly or to understand something
迷惑的；糊涂的

lean /liːn/
verb [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ]
leaned or UK also leant | leaned or UK also leant
to (cause to) slope[倾斜] in one direction, or to move the top part of the body in a particular direction
（使）倾斜，（使）向一侧歪斜

tendency /ˈten.dən.si/ noun [ C ]
If someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do it or like it.
（思想、行为等的）倾向

lower /ˈləʊ.ər/ verb [T] (MOVE)
to move something into a low[adjective低的] position
降低，使下降

imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ verb [ T ]
to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly
暗指，暗示

note noun (WRITING)[ C ]
a short piece of writing
短笺，便条，字条，纸条

absence noun (NOT EXISTING) [ U ]
the fact of not existing
不存在；缺乏

distant /ˈdɪs.tənt/ adjective (NOT FRIENDLY)
used to describe someone who does not show much emotion[情感] and is not friendly
拒人千里的，不亲近的，冷漠的

as though
as if
好像，似乎
It is easy to recognise when students are interested in a lesson. Most tend to look up and make eye contact. When I make a joke, they smile. When I talk about something difficult, they look confused. I know when students are really interested, however, because they lean forward and look at me. People have a tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in. So if a student has his head lowered to look at his watch, it implies he is bored and just counting the minutes for the class to end. If two friends are leaning their heads together, they are probably writing notes to each other. Of course, not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class. Some students look up，but there is an absence of eye contact. Their eyes barely move, and they always have the same distant expression on their faces. It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open.
学生对一堂课感兴趣时，很容易就可以看出来。大部分学生会抬头看，并且有眼神交流。我开玩笑时，他们露出笑容。我讲到难点时，他们一脸茫然。然而，学生兴趣盎然时，我也看得出来，因为他们会身体前倾，注视着我。人们在对某个事物感兴趣时，往往会身体前倾。所以，如果一名学生低头看手表，这就表明他觉得无聊，数着时间，只盼早点下课。如果两个好朋友把头靠在一起，那么他们很可能是在互相写纸条。当然，不是所有拾着头的学生都是在认真听课。有些学生虽然抬着头，却没有眼神交流。他们的眼睛几乎不动，脸上表情疏远呆滞，好像睁着眼睛在睡觉。

anywhere /ˈen.i.weər/ adverb, pronoun
(US also anyplace)
in, to, or at any place
在（或去）任何地方；随便哪个地方

but
preposition, conjunction
except
除…外

then again
(also there again)
used when you have had a new thought that is different from or the opposite of what you have just said
（用于表达与先前说法不同或相反的想法）话说回来，另一方面，然而

chin /tʃɪn/ noun [ C ]
the part of a person's face below their mouth
下巴，下颏[xià kē]

occupy /ˈɒk.jə.paɪ/ verb [ T ]
to keep someone busy or interested
使（某人）忙于；使（某人）感兴趣；打发时间

stare /steər/ verb [ I or T ]
to look for a long time with the eyes wide open, especially when surprised, frightened, or thinking
（尤指惊讶、害怕或思考时）盯着看，凝视，注视

remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ verb [ T ]
to make someone think of something they have forgotten or might have forgotten
使记起；使想起；提醒

distract /dɪˈstrækt/ verb [ T ]
to make someone stop giving their attention to something
使分心，使转移注意力，干扰

distracted /dɪˈstræk.tɪd/ adjective
nervous or confused because you are worried about something
忧心忡忡的，焦虑的；困惑的
Some students are amused by something else. They spend all their time looking anywhere but at me. Then again, some students' favourite activity is daydreaming. With their chins on their hands, they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the ceiling. They are certainly interested in something, but who knows what. The main thing is reminding distracted students that they need to pay attention in class.
有些学生在自娱自乐。整节课他们始终盯着别的东西，没看我一眼。此外，有些学生最喜欢的活动就是做白日梦。他们托着下巴，全神贯注地盯着窗外或天花板。一定是什么东西吸引了他们的注意力，但是谁也不知道到底是什么。重要的是提醒走神的学生专心听讲。

while conjunction (ALTHOUGH)
(also formal whilst[/waɪlst/虽然，尽管])
despite the fact that; although
虽然；尽管

perceive /pəˈsiːv/ verb [T] (SEE)
to see something or someone, or to notice something that is obvious
察觉，注意到，意识到

distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/ verb [ I or T, not continuous ]
to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different from another
区分，分辨；使有所区别

troubled adjective (HAVING DIFFICULTIES)
having problems or difficulties
深受折磨，有麻烦的

angry /ˈæŋ.ɡri/ adjective (EMOTIONAL)
having a strong feeling against someone who has behaved badly, making you want to shout at them or hurt them
发怒的，愤怒的，生气的

anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.ə.ti/ noun (WORRY) [ U ]
an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness[/ˈnɜː.vəs.nəs/担忧，焦虑] or worry about something that is happening or might happen in the future
焦虑，不安，担心

worried /ˈwʌr.id/ adjective
unhappy because you are thinking about problems or unpleasant things that might happen
担心的；忧虑的；发愁的

wear /weər/ verb [ T ]
wore | worn
to show a particular emotion on your face
流露，面带（某种表情）

frown [fraʊn]
n. 皱眉

embarrassed /ɪmˈbær.əst/ adjective
feeling ashamed or shy
窘迫的，尴尬的；害羞的

ashamed /əˈʃeɪmd/ adjective [ after verb ]
feeling guilty[内疚的，愧疚的，自责的] or embarrassed about something you have done or about a quality[品质] in your character[性格]
羞耻的，羞愧的；不好意思的，难为情的

merely /ˈmɪə.li/ adverb (ONLY)
used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing more
（用于强调所说的即为所想表达的）仅仅，只，不过

call on sb
to ask someone in a formal way to do something
号召；动员；要求

bother /ˈbɒð.ər/ verb (MAKE AN EFFORT)
to make the effort to do something
努力，尽力；费心
【否定句：懒得（做）；不想费力】

brush /brʌʃ/ verb (CLEAN)
to clean something or make something smooth with a brush
刷；梳；刷净；刷平顺；梳平顺

weep /wiːp/ verb (CRY) [ I or T ] literary
wept | wept
to cry[流（眼泪）] tears[/tɪər/眼泪]
哭泣，流（泪）

infer /ɪnˈfɜːr/ verb [ T ] formal
to form[形成] an opinion[观点] or guess that something is true because of the information that you have
推断，推论，推理

deep /diːp/ adjective (STRONGLY FELT)
very strongly felt or experienced and usually lasting a long time
深切的，感受强烈的

issue /ˈɪʃ.uː/ noun [C] (SUBJECT)
a subject or problem that people are thinking and talking about
问题；议题

conflict /ˈkɒn.flɪkt/ noun [ C or U ]
an active[起作用的] disagreement[分歧] between people with opposing[相反的] opinions[意见] or principles[原则]
冲突；分歧；争论

whatever pronoun[连接代词 引导让步状语从句] (ANYTHING)
anything or everything
任何事物；任何东西

inquire /ɪnˈkwaɪər/ verb [ I or T ]
(UK also enquire)
to ask for information
询问，打听

assess /əˈses/ verb [ T ]
to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something
评价；评定；对…估价
While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled. Students who are angry, afraid, or experiencing anxiety may have their arms crossed in front of their chests and their legs closed or crossed, like they are guarding their bodies. Students who are sad or worried will nearly always wear a frown. They may also hide their faces in their hands like they are embarrassed or ashamed. Some students act this way merely because they are afraid of being called on by the teacher. However，if a student does not bother to brush her hair and her eyes are red from weeping，then I can infer that there are deeper issues at work. It could be that she is having serious conflicts with other students or at home. Whatever it is, I know I need to inquire and assess what is going on.
尽管学生们何时(对讲课)感兴趣、何时感到无聊或精力不集中是容易察觉的，但要发现学生何时有困扰有时会难得多。愤怒、害怕或焦虑的学生会双臂交叉放在胸前，双腿并拢或交叉，像是在保护自己的身体。伤心或忧虑的学生几乎总是皱着眉头，也会双手捂脸，一副尴尬或羞愧的样子。有些学生这副模样，只是因为他们害怕老师提问。但是，要是学生都懒得梳头，并且两眼因哭泣而发红，那么我能够推断她遇到了更严重的问题。极有可能她与同学或家人发生了很大的冲突。不管是什么，我知道我必须去探个究竞，搞明白发生了什么事情。

ultimately /ˈʌl.tɪ.mət.li/ adverb
finally, after a series of things have happened
最终，最后

adjust verb (MAKE CHANGES)
to change something slightly[稍微], especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable
（尤指为了使某物更正确、有效或合适而）调整；调节

intervene /ˌɪn.təˈviːn/ verb [I] (GET INVOLVED 介入)
to intentionally[有意地] become involved[卷入] in a difficult situation[处境] in order to improve[改善] it or prevent[防止] it from getting worse[恶化]
干涉，干预；调停

individually /ˌɪn.dɪˈvɪdʒ.u.ə.li/ adverb (SINGLE)
separately[各自地；单独地]
分别地，各个地

out of
preposition (BECAUSE OF)
used to show the reason why someone does something
出于，因为

component /kəmˈpəʊ.nənt/ noun [ C ]
a part that combines[/kəmˈbaɪn/合并] with other parts to form[构成] something bigger
组成部分；成分；零部件
Ultimately, my duty is helping every student to learn. Their body language lets me know when to adjust class activities, when to intervene, and when to talk to students individually, so they can all get the most out of school. Reacting to body language is an important component of being a teacher.
最后，我的职责是帮助每一位学生学习。他们的肢体语言让我知道该何时调整课堂活动、何时干预、何时与学生单独谈话，从而让他们在校收获最大。对肢体语言作出反应是教师职责的重要组成部分。
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