选修一册第五单元阅读讲解

选修一册第五单元第50页阅读讲解

A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE
造福全人类的开拓者

Yuan Longping, known as the “father of hybrid rice”, is one of China's most famous scientists. Yet, he considers himself a farmer because he continually works the land in his research. Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he has devoted his life.
被誉为“杂交水稻之父”的袁隆平是中国最著名的科学家之一。然而，他把自己看作是一位农民，因为在研究过程中他不断耕耘土地。确实，他瘦削但结实的身躯，与其为之奉献毕生的千千万万的中国农民无异。

pursue /pəˈsjuː/ verb [T] (TRY TO DO)
If you pursue a plan, activity, or situation, you try to do it or achieve it, usually over a long period of time.
追求，从事，实行

tackle /ˈtæk.əl/ verb (DEAL WITH)[ T ]
to try to deal with something or someone
对付，处理；与…交涉

crisis /ˈkraɪ.sɪs/ noun[ C or U ]
plural crises /-siːz/
a time of great disagreement, confusion, or suffering
危机，极其困难的时期

receive /rɪˈsiːv/ verb [T] (GET)
to get or be given something
得到；收到；受到
Yuan Longping was born in 1930 in Beijing. His parents wanted him to pursue a career in science or medicine. However, what concerned him most was that farmers often had poor harvests and sometimes even had a serious shortage of food to eat. To tackle this crisis, he chose to study agriculture and received an education at Southwest Agricultural College in Chongqing.
袁隆平1930年出生于北京。他的父母希望他从事科学或医学职业，然而，他最关心的是农民经常粮食歉收，有时甚至出现严重的食物短缺。为了应对这一危机，他选择学习农业，在位于重庆的西南农学院接受教育。

boost /buːst/ verb [ T ]
to improve or increase something
改善；提高；增强；推动

yield /jiːld/ noun [ C usually plural ]
an amount of something positive[有把握的], such as food or profit[利润], that is produced or supplied[供应的]
产生；出产；得出

could /kʊd/ modal verb (POSSIBILITY)
used to express possibility, especially slight or uncertain possibility
（尤用于表示微小或不确定的可能性）可以，能，也许

convince /kənˈvɪns/ verb [ T ]
to persuade[/pəˈsweɪd/说服] someone or make someone certain[无疑;确信]
说服；使相信；使信服

convinced /kənˈvɪnst/ adjective
certain
确信的，信服的

creation /kriˈeɪ.ʃən/ noun [ C or U ]
the act of creating something, or the thing that is created
创造；创立；产生；创造物，作品

hybrid /ˈhaɪ.brɪd/ noun [C] (MIXTURE)
a plant or animal that has been produced from two different types of plant or animal, especially to get better characteristics[特性]
（动物或植物的）杂交种，混合种

cross /krɒs/ noun [C] (MIXTURE)
a mixture[混合物] of two different things that have been combined[结合] to produce[产生] something new
混合物；杂种；混血儿

variety /vəˈraɪə.ti/ noun (TYPE)[ C ]
a different type of something
不同种类；不同品种

species /ˈspiː.ʃiːz/ noun [ C ]
plural species
a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed[交配繁殖] with each other
（动植物的）种，物种

attain /əˈteɪn/ verb [ T ] formal
to reach or succeed in getting something
实现；获得；赢得

conventional /kənˈven.ʃən.əl/ adjective
traditional and ordinary
传统的；常规的；普通的

pollinate /ˈpɒl.ə.neɪt/ verb [ T ]
to take pollen[/ˈpɒl.ən/花粉] from one plant or part of a plant to another so that new plant seeds can be produced
给…传授花粉

matter /ˈmæt.ər/ noun (SITUATION)
a situation or subject that is being dealt with or considered
事情，事件

debate /dɪˈbeɪt/ noun [ C or U ]
(a) serious discussion of a subject in which many people take part
谈论，讨论；争论，辩论

assumption /əˈsʌmp.ʃən/ noun (BELIEF)[ C ]
something that you accept as true without question or proof
假定；假设；臆断

intense /ɪnˈtens/ adjective
extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong[极端的、有力的或（指感觉）非常强烈的]
强烈的，极度的

enormous /ɪˈnɔː.məs/ adjective
extremely large
极大的；巨大的；庞大的

enable /ɪˈneɪ.bəl/ verb [ T ]
to make someone able to do something, or to make something possible
使能够；使可能

expand /ɪkˈspænd/ verb [ I or T ]
to increase in size, number, or importance, or to make something increase in this way
（使）（尺寸、数量或重要性）扩大，增加；（使）膨胀

output /ˈaʊt.pʊt/ noun [ U ]
an amount of something produced by a person, machine, factory, country, etc.
（人、机器、工厂、国家等的）产量
After graduating in 1953, he worked as a researcher. Yuan Longping realised that larger fields were not the solution. Instead, farmers needed to boost yields in the fields they had. How this could be done was a challenging question at the time. Yuan was convinced that the answer could be found in the creation of hybrid rice. A hybrid is a cross between two or more varieties of a species. One characteristic of hybrids is that they usually attain a higher yield than conventional crops. However, whether it was possible to develop a hybrid of self-pollinating plants such as rice was a matter of great debate. The common assumption then was that it could not be done. Through intense effort, Yuan overcame enormous technical difficulties to develop the first hybrid rice that could be used for farming in 1974. This hybrid enabled farmers to expand their output greatly.
1953年大学毕业后，他成为一名科研人员。袁隆平意识到，解决问题的办法并不是扩大农田面积，而是农民们需要提高他们已有土地上农作物的产量。如何实现这一目标成为当时一个颇具挑战性的问题。袁隆平确信答案可以在杂交水稻的培育中找到。杂交指的是两个或者两个以上品种的交叉。杂交作物的一个特点就是它们通常能获得比传统作物更高的产量。然而，是否可能开发出水稻等自花授粉作物的杂交品种，仍众说纷纭。当时普遍认为这是不可能实现的。历经千辛万苦，袁隆平攻克了艰巨的技术难题，在1974年开发出了可用于耕作的第一代杂交水稻。这种杂交水稻极大地提高了农民的产量。

estimate /ˈes.tɪ.meɪt/ verb [ T ]
to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something
估计；估算；估价

domestic /dəˈmes.tɪk/ adjective (COUNTRY)
relating to a person's own country
本国的，国内的

consumption /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/ noun [U] (USE)
the amount used or eaten
消费量；消耗量

comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/ verb [ T, L only + noun, not continuous ] formal
to have as parts or members, or to be those parts or members
包含；包括；构成，组成

generate /ˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/ verb [T] (CREATE)
to cause something to exist
造成，引起；使存在

strain /streɪn/ noun (TYPE)[ C ]
an animal or plant from a particular group whose characteristics are different in some way from others of the same group
（动植物的）品系，株系，品种

innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ noun [ C or U ]
(the use of) a new idea or method
新观念；新方法；（新观念或方法的）创造，使用

feed /fiːd/ verb (GIVE FOOD)[ T ]
to produce or supply enough food for someone or something
为…提供食物；养活

invaluable /ɪnˈvæl.jə.bəl/ adjective
extremely useful
极有用的，宝贵的

numerous /ˈnjuː.mə.rəs/ adjective
many
许多的，大量的
Today, it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid strains, and his strains have allowed China's farmers to produce around 200 million tons of rice per year. Yuan's innovation has helped feed not just China, but many other countries that depend on rice as well, such as India and Vietnam. Because of his invaluable contributions, Yuan Longping has received numerous awards both in China and abroad.
据估算，现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约60%来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物，这些品种(形成的作物)让中国农民每年能够生产出大约两亿吨稻米。袁隆平的创新不仅养活了中国，也养活了以稻米为主食的许多其他国家，如印度和越南。袁隆平凭其不可估量的贡献，在国内外获奖无数。

given /ˈɡɪv.ən/ preposition
knowing about or considering a particular thing
考虑到，鉴于

wealthy /ˈwel.θi/ adjective
rich
富有的，有钱的

leisure /ˈleʒ.ər/ noun [ U ]
the time when you are not working or doing other duties
空闲，闲暇，休闲

far from sth
certainly not something
远未…；完全不…

case /keɪs/ noun (SITUATION)[ C ]
a particular situation or example of something
具体情况；实例

deep down
felt strongly and often hidden from other people
在内心深处

at heart
used to say what someone is really like
（某人）真正的样子

celebrity /səˈleb.rə.ti/ noun[ U ]
the state of being famous
名声，名气，名望
Given that Yuan's hybrids have made him quite wealthy, one might think he would retire to a life of leisure. However, this is far from the case. Deep down, Yuan is still very much a farmer at heart. As a man of the soil, he cares little for celebrity or money. Instead, he makes large donations to support agricultural research.
鉴于袁隆平开发杂交水稻而变得相当富有，有人会认为他会退休享受悠闲的生活。但是，事实远非如此。实际上，袁隆平在内心深处仍然是一位农民。身为土地之子，他不在乎名利，反而捐赠巨资支持农业研究。

ongoing /ˈɒŋˌɡəʊ.ɪŋ/ adjective
continuing to exist or develop, or happening at the present moment
持续存在的；不断发展的；继续进行的；进行中的

envisage /ɪnˈvɪz.ɪdʒ/ verb [ T ] formal
(US also envision[ɪnˈvɪʒn])
to imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good
设想；展望，预计

grain /ɡreɪn/ noun (SEED)[ C or U ]
a seed or seeds from a plant, especially a plant like a grass such as rice or wheat
（尤指像稻谷、小麦等像草一样的植物的）谷粒，颖果，谷（物）

vision /ˈvɪʒ.ən/ noun (MENTAL IMAGE)[ C ]
an idea or mental image of something
幻景；幻像

potentially /pəˈten.ʃəl.i/ adverb
possibly
潜在地；可能地

open verb (AVAILABLE)[ T ]
to make something available[可用的]
提供；使有…；

up preposition (HIGHER)
to or in a higher level or position
在（或向）较高水平（或位置）

advanced years
年事已高的;年迈

dream sth up
dreamed or dreamt[dremt]
to invent[发明，创造;编造] something very unusual and usually silly
凭空想出，虚构出（通常为荒诞不经的事）
What impresses people most about Yuan Longping is his ongoing ability to fulfill his dreams. Long ago, he envisioned rice plants as tall as sorghum, with each ear of rice as big as a broom, and each grain of rice as huge as a peanut. He succeeded in producing a kind of rice that could feed more people at home and abroad. His latest vision for “seawater rice” has also become a reality, and potentially opened up nearly one million square kilometres of salty land in China for rice production. Despite his advanced years, Yuan Longping is still young at heart and full of vision, and everyone is waiting to see what he will dream up next.
袁隆平给人们印象最深的是他不断实现梦想的能力。很早以前，他就设想水稻长得与高粱一样高，每支稻穗与扫帚一样大，每粒稻米与花生一样饱满。他成功培育岀能够养活更多人的水稻品种，甚至出口海外。他新近的“海水稻”愿景也已经成为现实，有望在中国开辟近100万平方公里的盐碱地用于水稻生产。虽年事已高，但袁隆平仍然保持年轻的心态，而且满怀憧憬，大家都在期待他的下一个不同寻常的想法。

选修一册第五单元第55页阅读讲解

versus /ˈvɜː.səs/ preposition
(written abbreviation vs, vs., UK also v)
used to compare two things or ideas, especially when you have to choose between them
（尤指进行选择时）与…相比

organic /ɔːˈɡæn.ɪk/ adjective (NO CHEMICALS)
not using artificial[人工的] chemicals[化学物质] in the growing of plants and animals for food and other products
有机的，不使用化肥的
CHEMICAL VERSUS ORGANIC FARMING
化学耕作与有机耕作

pesticide /ˈpes.tɪ.saɪd/ noun [ C or U ]
a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and other unwanted organisms[微生物]
杀虫剂，农药
Chemical pesticides and artificial fertilisers have been in widespread use in farming since the middle of the 20th century. When they were first introduced, many farmers welcomed them as a great way to fight crop disease and increase production. Over time, however, what some scientists have found is that their long-term use can sometimes harm both the land and people's health.
自二十世纪中叶以来，化学农药和人工肥料便广泛应用于耕作。引人之初，二者被许多农民视为抵御作物病害、增加产量的好方法，因而颇受欢迎。然而，随着时间的推移，一些科学家发现，长期使用它们有时会危害土地和人类健康。

bacterium /bækˈtɪə.ri.əm/ noun [ C usually plural ]
plural bacteria /bækˈtɪə.ri.ə/
a type of very small organism[有机体] that lives in air, earth, water, plants, and animals, often one that causes disease
细菌

affect /əˈfekt/ verb [T] (INFLUENCE)
to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause a change in someone or something
影响；侵袭；感染；打动

turn noun (TIME TO DO STH)[ C ]
an opportunity or a duty to do something at a particular time or in a particular order, before or after other people
（依次轮到的）机会，一个班次

in turn (also by turns)
one after the other in an agreed order
依次，轮流

digest /daɪˈdʒest/ verb (EAT)[ I or T ]
to change food in your stomach[胃] into substances that your body can use
（使）消化

prohibit /prəˈhɪb.ɪt/ verb [ T often passive(被动语态的) ]
to officially refuse to allow something
禁止；阻止

people /ˈpiː.pəl/ noun [ plural ]
men, women, and children
人;人类

fertilizer /ˈfɜː.tɪ.laɪ.zər/ noun [ C or U ] (UK usually fertiliser)
a natural or chemical substance that is spread on the land or given to plants, to make plants grow well
肥料

rich in sth
containing a lot of something good or useful
富含…的

essential /ɪˈsen.ʃəl/ adjective
necessary or needed
必要的，必不可少的

mineral /ˈmɪn.ər.əl/ noun (SUBSTANCE)[ C ]
a chemical that your body needs to stay healthy
（人体所需的）矿物质

flavour /ˈfleɪ.vər/ noun UK (US flavor) [ C or U ]
how food or drink tastes, or a particular taste[味道] itself
（食物或饮料的）风味；（某种）味道
For example, pesticides can damage the land by killing not only harmful bacteria and insects, but also helpful ones. In addition, these chemicals can stay in the soil and underground water sources for a long time. This affects the crops grown on the land and, in turn, the animals and humans who digest them. Many people worry that these chemicals may make them ill and even cause cancer. In fact, some pesticides like DDT have been prohibited in most countries because of the damage they cause to people and the environment. As for chemical fertilisers, crops grown with them usually grow too fast to be rich in nutrition. They may look beautiful on the outside, but inside there is usually more water than essential minerals, and they often have less flavour as well.
例如，农药在杀死有害细菌和昆虫的同时，也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而破坏土地。此外，这些化学品会长期残留于土壤和地下水源中。这会影响土里种植的作物，继而影响消化这些作物的人畜。很多人担心这些化学品会致病，甚至引发癌症。事实上，由于对人类和环境有害，“滴滴涕”等农药在大多数国家已被禁用。至于化学肥料，用其施肥的作物通常生长过快而营养不足。此类作物外表靓丽，而内里却经常是水分多于必需矿物质，并且往往口感较差。

alternative /ɒlˈtɜː.nə.tɪv/ noun [ C ]
something that is different from something else, especially from what is usual, and offering the possibility of choice
（尤指不同于平常事物的）可供选择的事物；可供选择的解决办法

switch /swɪtʃ/ verb [T, I usually + adv/prep] (CHANGE)
to change suddenly or completely, especially from one thing to another, or to exchange by replacing one person or thing with another
突然改变，彻底改变；调换；转换

customer /ˈkʌs.tə.mər/ noun [ C ]
a person who buys goods or a service
顾客，主顾，客户

shop verb (BUY THINGS)[ I ]
to buy things in shops
买，购买

simply adverb (IMPORTANT)
completely or as much as possible
完全地；绝对地

free adjective (WITHOUT)[ after verb ]
not having something that is unwanted or unpleasant
无须的；没有（不想要或令人不快之物）的

means noun (METHOD)
plural means
a method or way of doing something
方法，手段

waste [weɪst]n.
粪便，尿液
As an alternative, some farmers have switched to organic farming, and many customers have turned to organic food when they shop at the local grocery. Organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals. Organic farmers focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease through natural means. For example, many organic farmers use natural waste from animals as fertiliser. This makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals. It also keeps the air, soil, water, and crops free of chemicals.
作为一种替代方法，有些农民已经转向有机耕作，而且许多消费者在当地食杂店购物时，也转而选择有机食品。有机耕作就是不使用任何化学品的耕作。有机耕作的农民注重通过天然的方法保持土壤肥沃，没有病害。例如，许多有机耕作的农民使用天然的牲畜粪便作为肥料，使农田土壤富含矿物质，也避免化学品进入空气、土壤、水源和作物。

produce [prəˈdjuːs] verb [T] (MAKE)
to make something or bring something into existence[存在]
生产；出产；制造

because /bɪˈkəz/ conjunction
for the reason that
因为，由于

batch /bætʃ/ noun [ C ]
a group of things or people dealt with at the same time or considered similar in type
一批，一组

diverse /daɪˈvɜːs/ adjective
1.including many different types of people or things
多种多样的，形形色色的
2.very different from each other
不同的，相异的

depth /depθ/ noun (DISTANCE DOWN 向下的距离)[ C or U ]
the distance down either from the top of something to the bottom, or to a distance below the top surface of something
深度

rich adjective (HAVING A LOT OF STH)
Rich land or soil contains a large amount of substances that help plants to grow.
肥沃的；富饶的；丰产的
Organic farmers also use many other methods to produce rich soil. They often change the kind of crop grown in each field every year. For instance, they may grow corn or wheat in a field one year, and then grow beans there the next. Why different crops are grown is because they put important minerals back into the ground, making it ready for the next batch of crops. Organic farmers also plant diverse crops that use different depths of soil to help keep it rich. For example peanuts grow on the ground's surface, but many other vegetables put down deep roots. The goal of using different organic farming methods is to grow good food while avoiding damage to the environment or to people's health.
有机耕作的农民也采用许多其他方法维持土壤肥沃。他们通常每年更换每块农田种植的作物种类。例如，他们可能一年在田里种植玉米或小麦，第二年改种豆类。种植不同作物的原因，是为了把重要的矿物质重新放回土壤之中，让土壤为下一批作物(的种植)做好准备。有机耕作的农民也种植土壤深度要求不同的多样化作物，以保持土壤肥沃。例如，花生长在土壤表层，而许多其他蔬菜则扎根于土壤深处。采用不同的有机耕作方法，目的在于生产优质食物，同时避免损害环境和人类健康。

entirely /ɪnˈtaɪə.li/ adverb
completely
完全；彻底；完整地

serve /sɜːv/ verb (HELP ACHIEVE 帮助实现)[ I or T ]
to help achieve something or to be useful as something
有助于实现；（对…）有用

demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/ noun (NEED)[ C or U ]
a need for something to be sold or supplied
需求

nowhere near
not close in distance, time, amount, or quality
（距离、时间、数量或质量）远远没有，远非

meet verb (SATISFY)[ T ]
to fulfil, satisfy, or achieve[完成，满足或实现]
满足；达到，完成

fulfil /fʊlˈfɪl/ verb [T] (MAKE HAPPEN)
to do something that is expected, hoped for, or promised, or to cause it to happen
实现；达到；履行，执行

therefore /ˈðeə.fɔːr/ adverb
for that reason
因此，因而，所以

sufficient /səˈfɪʃ.ənt/ adjective
enough for a particular purpose
足够的，充足的

while /waɪl/ conjunction (DURING)
(also formal whilst[waɪlst] )
during the time that, or at the same time as
在…的时候；与…同时
Some people would prefer to stop the use of man-made chemicals in agriculture entirely. What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world. Organic farming is nowhere near able to meet that need. Therefore, there is still a long way to find a suitable solution that puts sufficient food on the dinner table while keeping people and the environment as healthy as possible.
有些人宁愿在农业中彻底停止使用人工化学品。他们不能如愿的原因是化学耕作满足了全世界对食物的高需求，而有机耕作还远远不能满足这一需求。因此，想要找到一个合适的解决方案，使人类和环境尽可能保持健康，又让人们有足够的食物可吃，这还有很长的路要走。
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