选修二册第一单元阅读讲解

选修二册第一单元第02页阅读讲解

defeat /dɪˈfiːt/ verb [ T ]
to win against someone in a fight, war, or competition
击败，打败，战胜

cholera /ˈkɒl.ər.ə/ noun [ U ]
a serious infection of the bowels[肠道] caused by drinking infected water or eating infected food, causing diarrhoea[腹泻], vomiting[呕吐], and often death
霍乱
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”

fear /fɪər/ verb [ T; not continuous ]
to be frightened of something or someone unpleasant
害怕，畏惧，惧怕

severe /sɪˈvɪər/ adjective (VERY SERIOUS)
causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.; very serious
非常严重的；剧烈的；惨重的

diarrhoea /ˌdaɪ.əˈriː.ə/
noun [ U ] UK (US diarrhea)
an illness in which the body's solid waste is more liquid than usual and comes out of the body more often
腹泻

dehydration /ˌdiː.haɪˈdreɪ.ʃən/ noun [ U ] MEDICAL specialized[医学专业术语]
a drop below normal levels of water in the body
脱水，极度干渴

outbreak /ˈaʊt.breɪk/ noun [ C ]
a time when something suddenly begins, especially a disease or something else dangerous or unpleasant
（尤指疾病、危险或不快之事的）发作，暴发，突然发生

hit /hɪt/ verb (EFFECT)[ T ]
to have an unpleasant or negative effect on a person or thing
产生不良影响；打击

from preposition (CAUSE)
used to show the cause[原因] of something or the reason why something happens
（表示原因）由于，因为

frustrate /frʌsˈtreɪt/ verb [T] (DISCOURAGE 使灰心)
to make someone feel annoyed[烦恼的] or less confident because they cannot achieve what they want
使灰心，使气馁

prevent /prɪˈvent/ verb [ T ]
to stop something from happening or someone from doing something
阻止，妨碍；预防

in preposition (BEFORE THE END)
before or at the end of a particular period
在…结束之前；在…结束之时

time noun (PERIOD)[ S or U ]
a particular period of time for which something has been happening, or that is needed for something
一段时间

rise /raɪz/ verb (BECOME SUCCESSFUL)[ I ]
rose [rəʊz] | risen [ˈrɪzn]
to become important, successful, or powerful
变得重要（成功或有权力）

attend to sb/sth
to help someone or deal with something
处理；照料；关心

desire /dɪˈzaɪər/ noun (WANT)[ C or U ]
a strong feeling that you want something
欲望，渴望，愿望

destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/ verb [ T ]
to damage[损坏] something so badly that it cannot be used
毁坏，摧毁，毁灭

once and for all
completely and in a way that will finally solve a problem
彻底了结地；一劳永逸地
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰·斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。

in general
(also as a general rule)
usually, or in most situations
一般来说；通常；在一般情况下

in those days
in the past
过去，从前

contradictory /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪk.tər.i/ adjective
If two or more facts, pieces of advice, etc. are contradictory, they are very different from each other.
对立的；相互矛盾的；不一致的

spread /spred/ verb [ I or T ]
过去式：spread 过去分词：spread
to (cause to) cover, reach, or have an effect on a wider or increasing area
（使）展开，（使）铺开；（使）蔓延，（使）扩散

germ /dʒɜːm/ noun (ORGANISM)[ C usually plural ]
a very small organism[微生物] that causes disease
病菌；细菌

subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/ verb [ I ]
to pay money to an organization in order to receive a product, use a service regularly, or support the organization
订阅，订购（产品）；（为某项服务）定期付费；定期捐助

subscribe to sth
to agree with or support an opinion, belief, or theory
赞同，支持（观点、信仰、理论等）

consequently /ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwənt.li/ adverb
as a result
因此；所以

investigate /ɪnˈves.tɪ.ɡeɪt/ verb [ T ]
to examine[检查] a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the truth
（尤指为揭开真相）调查，审查

discover /dɪˈskʌv.ər/ verb[ T ]
to find information, a place, or an object, especially for the first time
（尤指首次）发现，找到

determined /dɪˈtɜː.mɪnd/ adjective
wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any difficulties to stop you
下定决心的，坚决的，决意的
In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.
关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。

multiple /ˈmʌl.tɪ.pəl/ adjective
very many of the same type, or of different types
多个的；多种的

pump /pʌmp/ noun [C] (DEVICE)
a piece of equipment that is used to cause liquid, air, or gas to move from one place to another
泵，抽水机；油泵；打气筒

household /ˈhaʊs.həʊld/ noun [ C, + sing/pl verb ]
a group of people, often a family, who live together
一家人，一户，家庭

Cambridge /ˈkeɪm.brɪdʒ/ noun
a city in the east of England, famous for its university
剑桥（英格兰东部城市，以其大学闻名）

pub /pʌb/ noun [ C ] UK
(formal public house)
a place, especially in Great Britain or Ireland, where alcoholic[/ˌæl.kəˈhɒl.ɪk/ 含酒精的] drinks can be bought and drunk and where food is often available[可获得的；可用的]
（英国或爱尔兰的）酒吧，酒馆

suspect /səˈspekt/ verb [T] (THINK LIKELY)
to think or believe something to be true or probable[很可能真实的；很可能发生的]
怀疑，猜想，认为（某事有可能）

blame /bleɪm/ verb [ T ]
to say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible[负责的] for something bad happening
责备；责怪；归咎于

what's more
used to add something surprising or interesting to what you have just said
而且；更有意思（或惊人）的是

It seems(seemed)[似乎；仿佛] that… ….
此句型是“主+系+表”结构。其中it是人称代词作主语，并无实意，指的是某种情况。that引导的是表语从句。

deliver /dɪˈlɪv.ər/ verb (TAKE)[ T ]
to take goods, letters, parcels, etc. to people's houses or places of work
运送，递送，投递

as a result of sth
because of something
因为…；由于…

evidence /ˈev.ɪ.dəns/ noun [ U ]
one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true
证据；证明

accordingly /əˈkɔː.dɪŋ.li/ adverb formal
in a way that is suitable[合适的] or right for the situation[情况]
照着；相应地

remove /rɪˈmuːv/ verb [T] (TAKE AWAY)
to take something or someone away from somewhere, or off something
移开；拿开；去掉；除去；调动

intervention [ˌɪntəˈvenʃn] n.
干预，介入

track [træk] n.
足迹，踪迹
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。

moreover /ˌmɔːˈrəʊ.vər/ adverb formal
(used to add information) also and more importantly
而且，加之，再者，此外

Thames[temz]n.
（伦敦的）泰晤士河

raw /rɔː/ adjective (NOT PROCESSED [nɒt ˈprəʊsest]未处理的)
(of materials) in a natural state, without having been through any chemical or industrial process[/ˈprəʊses/ 过程]
原料未经加工的，自然状态的
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water.
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。

tireless /ˈtaɪə.ləs/ adjective
working energetically and continuously
不知疲倦的，不觉疲劳的

threat /θret/ noun [ C ]
a suggestion[暗示] that something unpleasant or violent will happen, especially if a particular action or order is not followed
威胁，恐吓

see /siː/ verb
[ T often passive ]
to be the time or place when something happens
是…的发生时间（或地点）；见证

substantial /səbˈstæn.ʃəl/ adjective (LARGE)
large in size, value, or importance
大的；可观的；价值巨大的；重大的

transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ verb [ T ]
to change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that that thing or person is improved
使彻底改观；使大变样

epidemiology [ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɒlədʒi]n.
流行病学；传染病学
Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。

选修二册第一单元第07页阅读讲解

THE FATHER OF CHINA'S AEROSPACE
中国航天之父

impact /ˈɪm.pækt/ noun [ C usually singular, U ]
a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person
（尤指新事物的）巨大影响，强大作用

patriotic /ˌpæt.riˈɒt.ɪk/ adjective
showing love for your country and being proud of it
爱国的；有爱国心的

devotion /dɪˈvəʊ.ʃən/ noun [U] (LOYALTY)
loyalty[忠诚] and love or care[关心] for someone or something
忠诚，忠实；挚爱

extremely /ɪkˈstriːm.li/ adverb
very
非常；极端；极其

well-respected [wel rɪˈspektɪd] adj.
受人尊敬的;备受尊重的
Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with "great scientific thought and scientific spirit" who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man.
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。钱学森备受人们尊敬。《钱学森的故事》一书作者称他是一位具有“伟大科学思想和科学精神”的人，并且热爱祖国、勤勉努力、甘于奉献、成就斐然。

attend /əˈtend/ verb [ T ]
to go officially[正式地] and usually regularly[定期地] to a place
经常去，定期去

mechanical /məˈkæn.ɪ.kəl/ adjective (MACHINES)
operated by a machine, or connected with machines or their parts
机械的；机械部件的

engineering /ˌen.dʒɪˈnɪə.rɪŋ/ noun [ U ]
the work of an engineer, or the study of this work
工程设计；工程学

break /breɪk/ out
broke | broken
(START)
If something dangerous or unpleasant breaks out, it suddenly starts.
突然发生；爆发

switch /swɪtʃ/ verb [T, I usually + adv/prep] (CHANGE)
to change suddenly or completely, especially from one thing to another, or to exchange by replacing one person or thing with another
突然改变，彻底改变；调换；转换

major /ˈmeɪ.dʒər/ noun [C] (SPECIAL SUBJECT)US
the most important subject that a college or university student is studying
（大学生的）专业，主修课程；

aviation /ˌeɪ.viˈeɪ.ʃən/ noun [ U ]
the activity of flying aircraft, or of designing, producing, and keeping them in good condition
航空（学）；飞行（术）；航空工业

air force /ˈeə ˌfɔːs/ noun [ C usually singular ]
the part of a country's military[军事的] forces[武装力量] that uses aircraft and fights in the air
空军

defend /dɪˈfend/ verb (PROTECT)[ T ]
to protect someone or something against attack[攻击] or criticism[指责，反对];
保护，防卫；
Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However，after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
钱学森1911年生于杭州，在北京上学，后来考入上海交通大学，学习铁道机械工程。不过，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森意识到中国需要建设强大的空军来保卫国家，因此决定改学航空专业。

pursue[pəˈsjuː]v.
追求，致力于

graduate studies [ˈɡrædʒuət ˈstʌdiz]
硕士学习

over preposition (DURING)
during something, or while doing something
在…期间

jet /dʒet/ noun (AIRCRAFT)[ C ]
an aircraft with a jet engine that is able to fly very fast
喷气式飞机

graduate assistant[ˌɡrædʒuət əˈsɪstənt] n.
研究生助理

conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ verb (ORGANIZE)[ T ]
to organize and perform[做] a particular activity
组织；实施；进行；处理

perform /pəˈfɔːm/ verb (DO)[ T ]
to do an action or piece of work
做，进行；施行

propulsion /prəˈpʌl.ʃən/ noun [ U ]
a force[力量] that pushes something forward
推进；推动力

found /faʊnd/ verb (BEGIN)[ T ]
to bring something into existence
创建；创立；创办
Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies. Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA'S leading space-exploration centres.
1935年，钱学森前往美国读研究生。二十世纪三四十年代，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱人物。二十世纪三十年代担任加州理工学院的研究生助理时，钱学森协助开展火箭推进方面的重要研究工作。二十世纪四十年代，钱学森与其他几人成立了喷气推进实验室，该实验室现已成为美国宇航局领先的太空探索中心之一。

put verb (MOVE)[ T + adv/prep ]
to move something or someone into the stated place, position, or direction
把…放在；放置

missile n.
英 [ˈmɪsaɪl] 美 [ˈmɪsl] 导弹

talent /ˈtæl.ənt/ noun (NATURAL ABILITY)[ C or U ]
(someone who has) a natural ability to be good at something, especially without being taught
天分，天赋；天才，有天分者

nevertheless /ˌnev.ə.ðəˈles/ adverb
(also nonetheless)
despite what has just been said or referred to
不过，仍然；尽管如此

discourage /dɪˈskʌr.ɪdʒ/ verb [T] (MAKE LESS CONFIDENT)
to make someone feel less confident, enthusiastic, and positive about something, or less willing to do something
使泄气，给…泼冷水，使心灰意冷

from preposition (PREVENTING[阻止;阻碍])
used to show what someone is not allowed to do or know, or what has been stopped happening
[用来表示某人不被允许做或知道的事情，或已经停止发生的事情]
（表示阻止某人或阻止某事发生）以防，以免

take sth on
to accept a particular job or responsibility
接受（工作）；承担（责任）

determined /dɪˈtɜː.mɪnd/ adjective
wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any difficulties to stop you
下定决心的，坚决的，决意的
After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US, Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge. When asked "Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?” his reply was a determined "Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make.”
留学美国的最后几年，钱学森克服困难，于1955年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，受命发展中国的火箭科学以及航天和导弹项目。那时候，中国还很贫穷，火箭科学尚不发达。中国没有一所学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，而且没有该领域的人才或专家。然而，钱学森并不气馁，而是接受挑战。有人问他：“我们中国人有可能制造出导弹吗？”他的回答十分坚定：“有什么不能的，外国人能造出来的，我们中国人同样能造得出来。”

launch /lɔːntʃ/ verb (SEND)[ T ]
to send something out, such as a new ship into the water or a spacecraft into space
使（新船）下水；发射（火箭）

trace /treɪs/ verb [T] (FIND)
to find the origin[/ˈɒr.ɪ.dʒɪn/源头] of something
追查…的来源

aerospace /ˈeə.rə.speɪs/ n.
航空航天
Under Qian's leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qian's research, Qian earned the name of "the father of China's aerospace.”
在钱学森的领导下，中国研制出了“东风”导弹，紧接着又研制出第一代“长征”系列火箭。1970年，中国使用“长征”火箭成功发射本国第一颗人造卫星“东方红一号”。由于“神舟”系列火箭的大部分技术也可追根溯源到钱学森的研究，因此钱学森被誉为“中国航天之父”。

frontier[ˈfrʌntɪə(r)]n.
（尤指知识的）前沿，新领域

appreciate /əˈpriː.ʃi.eɪt/ verb (VALUE)
to recognize how good someone or something is and to value him, her, or it
欣赏；赏识；重视

appreciation /əˌpriː.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/ noun [U] (VALUE)
the act of recognizing[认识] or understanding that something is valuable, important, or as described
欣赏；理解；感谢

inspire /ɪnˈspaɪər/ verb [ T ]
to give someone an idea for a book, film, product, etc.
赋予灵感；激发（想法）

inspiration /ˌɪn.spɪˈreɪ.ʃən/ noun [ C ]
a sudden good idea
灵感；突然想出的好主意
Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research. However,what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research.
钱学森博览群书，尤其在前沿科学研究领域知识极其渊博。然而，他之所以能成为一名如此杰出、富有创造力的科学家，可能是因为他对音乐、绘画等其他事物的浓厚兴趣。他深厚的艺术鉴赏力时常给科研工作带来灵感。

sadden /ˈsæd.ən/ verb [ T ]
to make someone sad
使悲伤，使难过，使伤心

honour /ˈɒn.ər/ verb [T] (RESPECT)
to show great respect for someone or something, especially in public
[对某人或某事表示极大的尊重，尤指在公共场合]
（尤指在公开场合）向…致敬;

remember /rɪˈmem.bər/ verb[ T ]
to hold a special ceremony to honour a past event or someone who has died
[举行特殊仪式以纪念过去的事件或死去的人]
纪念；怀念；缅怀
On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qian's death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.
2009年10月31日，钱学森逝世，举国哀痛，人们以各种方式纪念他、缅怀他。

A WORLD OF PURE THOUGHT
一个纯思维的世界

gifted /ˈɡɪf.tɪd/ adjective
having special ability in a particular subject or activity
有天才的，有天赋的

image /ˈɪm.ɪdʒ/ noun (MENTAL PICTURE)[ C ]
a picture in your mind or an idea of how someone or something is
（自己头脑中的）形象，印象

come down with sth
to start to suffer from an illness, especially one that is not serious
患上，染上（尤指小病）

abstract /ˈæb.strækt/ adjective (GENERAL)
existing as an idea, feeling, or quality[品质], not as a material object
抽象的；纯理论的；纯概念的
Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and gifted scientists in physics. Most people are familiar with images of him in his wheelchair unable to move and using a computer to talk. Since he came down with a disease which caused him to lose the use of most of his muscles, his world became one of abstract thought.
史蒂芬·霍金是物理学界最负盛名、最具天赋的科学家之一。大多数人都很熟悉他坐在轮椅上无法动弹、只能通过电脑来说话的样子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎缩无力，他的世界变成了一个抽象思维的世界。

achieve[əˈtʃiːv] v.
to gain[获得] with effort
（经努力）达到，取得，实现；获得成功

fame /feɪm/ noun [ U ]
the state of being known or recognized by many people because of your achievements, skills, etc.
名声，名气；声誉，名望

graduate student n.
研究生；毕业生

origin /ˈɒr.ɪ.dʒɪn/ noun[ C ]
(also origins)
the beginning or cause of something
起源，源头；起因

steady /ˈsted.i/ adjective (FIRM[稳固的])
not moving or changing suddenly
固定不动的；稳固的，平稳的

hold /həʊld/ verb (BELIEVE)
[ T not continuous ]
to believe an idea or opinion
相信，确信

bang /bæŋ/ noun [C] (NOISE)
a sudden very loud noise
砰砰猛击，重击；巨响

the Big Bang /ˌbɪɡ ˈbæŋ/ noun [ S ]
the large explosion[/ɪkˈspləʊ.ʒən/ 爆炸] that many scientists believe created the universe
（宇宙创）世大爆炸

single /ˈsɪŋ.ɡəl/ adjective (ONE)
[ before noun ]
one only
单一的，仅有一个的

champion /ˈtʃæm.pi.ən/ noun [C] (SUPPORTER)
a person who enthusiastically[/ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪkli/ 满腔热情地] supports, defends, or fights for a person, belief, right, or principle[原理]
拥护者；卫士，捍卫者；斗士

concept /ˈkɒn.sept/ noun [ C ]
a principle or idea[原则或想法]
原则；概念；观念；想法

period /ˈpɪə.ri.əd/ noun [C] (TIME)
a length[长度] of time
一段时间，时期

once /wʌns/ conjunction
as soon as, or from the moment when
一…就；一旦…就

work noun[ U ]
the material[素材；资料] used by someone at work, or what they produce
工作材料；工作成果

astronomer [əˈstrɒnəmə(r)] n.
天文学家

telescope[ˈtelɪskəʊp] n.
望远镜
Hawking first achieved fame when he was still healthy enough to walk, as a graduate student in physics at Cambridge University in 1964. In general, there were two main theories on the origin of the universe. The first was the steady state theory, which holds that the universe has no beginning or end. The other was the big bang theory, which holds that the universe began at a single point in time and space. The biggest champion of the steady state concept was Fred Hoyle, a professor at Cambridge. During the question and answer period after one of Hoyle's lectures, Hawking stood up and pointed out that Hoyle had made a mistake in his maths. Once the maths was corrected, it showed that the big bang theory—and not the steady state theory—was true. Hawking's own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by astronomers with telescopes. A star was born。
霍金最早成名于1964年，当时他身体健康，行动自如，是剑桥大学物理学研究生。总的来说，宇宙起源有两大理论：第一个是稳恒态理论，认为宇宙无始无终;另一个是大爆炸理论，认为字宙始于时空中的一个点。稳恒态概念的最大拥护者是剑桥大学的弗雷德·霍伊尔教授。在霍伊尔的一次讲座中，霍金在问答环节站了起来，指出霍伊尔教授计算有误。错误纠正之后显示大爆炸理论而非稳恒态理论是正确的。不久，天文学家用望远镜观察宇宙，验证了霍金对大爆炸理论的研究。一位明星就此诞生。

genius /ˈdʒiː.ni.əs/ noun [ C or U ]
plural geniuses
very great and rare natural ability or skill, especially in a particular area such as science or art, or a person who has this
（尤指在某科学或艺术领域中的）天赋，天资；天才，天才人物

besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/ adverb, preposition
in addition to; also
而且；除…之外还有

brilliant /ˈbrɪl.jənt/ adjective (INTELLIGENT)
extremely intelligent[聪明的] or skilled
颇有才气的，聪颖的；技艺高超的

though /ðəʊ/ conjunction & adverb
despite the fact that
虽然，尽管

careless /ˈkeə.ləs/ adjective (NO ATTENTION)
not taking or showing enough care[仔细；谨慎] and attention[注意，留心]
不小心的；粗心的，马虎的

be willing (to do sth)
to be happy to do something if it is needed
愿意，乐意（做某事）

furthermore /ˌfɜː.ðəˈmɔːr/ adverb formal
in addition; more importantly
此外，而且

determined /dɪˈtɜː.mɪnd/ adjective
wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any difficulties to stop you
下定决心的，坚决的，决意的

above all
most importantly
最重要的是；尤其是；首先

odd /ɒd/ adjective (STRANGE)
strange or unexpected
奇怪的，古怪的；异常的；出人意料的
So, what made Stephen Hawking a genius? Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. He was willing to say what others were afraid to say, and to dream of what others were afraid to dream about. Furthermore,he was quite determined. This had helped him as a scientist, and had helped him even more in his fight against his disease. Above all, Hawking was willing to admit his faults. This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries.
那么，是什么使史蒂芬·霍金成为一名天才呢？除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。他敢说别人不敢说的话，做别人不敢做的梦。此外，他意志坚定。无论是作为一位科学家，还是与病魔作斗争，这种品质对他都大有帮助。最重要的是，霍金敢于承认错误。这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。
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