选修二册第五单元阅读讲解

选修二册第五单元第50页阅读讲解

FIRST AID FOR BURNS
烧伤急救处理

essential /ɪˈsen.ʃəl/ adjective
necessary or needed
必要的，必不可少的

barrier /ˈbær.i.ər/ noun [C] (FENCE)
a long pole[杆], fence[栅栏], wall, or natural feature[地形], such as a mountain or sea, that stops people from going somewhere
隔栏；屏障；障碍物

injury /ˈɪn.dʒər.i/ noun [ C or U ]
physical harm or damage to someone's body caused by an accident or an attack[殴打]
伤害，损伤
The skin is an essential part of your body and is its largest organ. Your skin acts as a barrier against disease, toxins, and the sun's rays. It also helps control your body temperature, prevents your body from losing too much water, warns you when things are too hot or cold, and gives you your sense of touch. As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries. The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is giving first aid.
皮肤是人体必不可少的一部分，也是人体最大的器官。皮肤是一道屏障，能阻挡疾病、毒素和太阳光线的侵人。皮肤还有助于控制体温，防止身体流失过多的水分，在外物过热或过冷时发出警告，并使你拥有触觉。可想而知，烧伤会造成严重后果。在处理烧伤时，第一步也是最重要的一步就是采取急救措施。

cause /kɔːz/ noun (REASON) [ C or U ]
the reason why something, especially something bad, happens
（尤指不好的事情发生的）原因，起因
CAUSES OF BURNS
烧伤的原因

variety /vəˈraɪə.ti/ noun (TYPE)[ C ]
a different type of something
不同种类；不同品种

radiation /ˌreɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ noun [ U ]
a form of energy that comes from a nuclear[ˈnuːkliər核] reaction[反应] and that can be very dangerous to health
（核）辐射

acid /ˈæs.ɪd/ noun (CHEMICAL)[ C or U ]
any of various usually liquid substances[物质] that can react[反应] with and sometimes dissolve[dɪˈzɒlv溶解] other materials
酸
You can get burnt by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire,radiation, the sun, electricity, acids, or other chemicals.
很多东西都会造成烧伤：灼热的液体、蒸汽、明火、辐射、太阳光、电流、酸性物质或其他化学品。

TYPES OF BURNS
烧伤的种类

Burns are divided into three types, depending on the depth of skin damage.
根据皮肤损伤的深度，烧伤分为三类。

affect /əˈfekt/ verb [T] (INFLUENCE)
to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause a change in someone or something
影响；侵袭；感染；打动

mild /maɪld/ adjective (SLIGHT)
not violent, severe, or extreme[极端的]
温和的；和缓的；轻微的

sunburn /ˈsʌn.bɜːn/ noun [ U ]
a condition in which your skin is sore[sɔː(r)酸痛的] and red because you have spent too long in the strong heat of the sun
晒伤

minor /ˈmaɪ.nər/ adjective (UNIMPORTANT)
having little importance, influence, or effect[效果], especially when compared with other things of the same type
较不重要的；次要的；轻微的

household /ˈhaʊs.həʊld/ noun [ C, + sing/pl verb ]
a group of people, often a family, who live together
一家人，一户，家庭
First-degree burns：These affect only the top few millimetres of the skin. These burns are not serious. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by other minor household incidents.
●一度烧伤：仅伤及最上层几亳米的皮肤。此类烧伤并不严重，如轻度的晒伤和其他轻微家庭事故造成的烧伤。

go verb (DEVELOP)[ I usually + adv/prep ]
to develop or happen
进行，进展；发生

layer /ˈleɪ.ər/ noun [C] (MATERIAL)
a level of material[材料], such as a type of rock or gas, that is different from the material above or below it, or a thin sheet of a substance[物质]
层；涂层
Second-degree burns： These go below the top layer of the skin. They are serious and take a few weeks to get better. Examples include burns caused by hot liquids.
●二度烧伤：伤及最上层皮肤以下的部位。此类烧伤较为严重，需要数周时间才能康复，如灼热的液体造成的烧伤。

tissue /ˈtɪʃ.uː/ noun (CELLS)[ U ]
a group of connected cells in an animal or plant that are similar to each other, have the same purpose, and form the stated[所述的] part of the animal or plant
（动物或植物的细胞）组织

petrol /ˈpet.rəl/ noun [ U ] UK
(US gas)
a liquid obtained[获得] from petroleum[pəˈtrəʊliəm石油], used especially as a fuel[ˈfjuːəl燃料] for cars and other vehicles
汽油

severe /sɪˈvɪər/ adjective (VERY SERIOUS)
causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.; very serious
非常严重的；剧烈的；惨重的

internal /ɪnˈtɜː.nəl/ adjective
existing or happening inside a person, object, organization, place, or country
体内的；内部的；国内的

victim /ˈvɪk.tɪm/ noun [ C ]
someone or something that has been hurt, damaged, or killed or has suffered, either because of the actions of someone or something else, or because of illness or chance
受害者；罹难者；牺牲者；牺牲品
Third-degree burns： These affect every layer of the skin, and sometimes the tissue under it. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or petrol fires. These burns cause very severe internal injuries and the victim must go to the hospital at once.
●三度烧伤：伤及每一层皮肤，有时甚至伤及皮下组织，如因电击灼伤、衣服着火造成的烧伤，或汽油起火造成的烧伤。此类烧伤会引起非常严重的内部损伤，伤者必须立即送往医院。

CHARACTERISTICS OF BURNS
烧伤的特点

mildly /ˈmaɪld.li/ adverb
slightly
略微地

swollen /ˈswəʊ.lən/ adjective
larger than usual
肿大的；膨胀的；大于正常的
First-degree burns
dry, red, and mildly swollen
mildly painful
turn white when pressed
一度烧伤
●干燥、发红、微肿
●微痛
●受压时变白

blister /ˈblɪs.tər/ noun [ C ]
a painful swelling[ˈswelɪŋ肿胀;swell的现在分词] on the skin that contains liquid, caused usually by continuous rubbing, especially on your foot, or by burning
（皮肤通常因摩擦或烫伤而起的）水疱

watery /ˈwɔː.tər.i/ adjective
containing or filled with water
含水的；充满水的；由水组成的
Second-degree burns
red and swollen; blisters; watery surface
extremely painful

二度烧伤
●发红、肿胀；起水疱；表层渗液
●极度疼痛

underneath /ˌʌn.dəˈniːθ/ noun
the lower part or the bottom surface of something
底部；下部；下表面

nerve /nɜːv/ noun (BODY)[ C ]
a group of long, thin fibres (= structures like threads[θred线]) that carry[传递] information or instructions[ɪnˈstrʌkʃn指令] between the brain[breɪn大脑] and other parts of the body
神经
Third-degree burns
black and white
swollen; the tissue underneath can often be seen
little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may be painful around the edges of the burn
三度烧伤
●皮肤发黑或变白
●肿胀；通常可见皮下组织
●如神经受损，则微痛或无痛感；创面边缘或有痛感

FIRST-AID TREATMENT
急救处理

process /ˈprəʊ.ses/ noun [ C ]
a series of changes that happen naturally
变化过程；进程
1. Place burns under cool running water, especially within the first ten minutes. The cool water stops the burning process and reduces the pain and swelling.
1. 将烧伤部位放在流动的冷水下冲洗，尤其在前十分钟。冷水冲洗可阻止烧伤进程，缓解疼痛和肿胀。

burnt /bɜːnt/ adjective
destroyed[破坏] or made black by fire or heat
烧焦的；烧毁的
2. Dry the burnt area gently with a clean cloth.
2. 用干净的布轻轻吸干烧伤部位的水分。

remove /rɪˈmuːv/ verb [T] (TAKE AWAY)
to take something or someone away from somewhere, or off something
移开；拿开；去掉；除去；调动

fabric /ˈfæb.rɪk/ noun (CLOTH)[ C or U ]
cloth[布] or material[材料] for making clothes, covering furniture, etc.
布；织物
3. Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary, unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.
3. 如有必要，用剪刀剪掉烧伤部位的衣服，除非衣服与被烧伤的皮肤粘连在一起。

loose /luːs/ adjective (NOT TIGHT)
(of clothes) not fitting[合身] closely to the body[（指衣服）不紧贴身体]
（衣服）宽松的，肥大的

apply /əˈplaɪ/ verb (PUT ON)[ T ]
to spread[涂抹] or rub a substance such as cream[奶油] or paint[油漆] on a surface
涂，敷
4. Cover the burnt area with a loose clean cloth. Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea, as it will keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.
4. 用干净透气的布盖住烧伤部位。在受伤处涂抹油膏不可取，因为这会阻碍伤口散热，而且可能引发感染。

5. If burns are on the face, make sure the victim can still breathe.
5. 如果烧伤部位在脸上，应确保伤者仍可呼吸。

6. If the victim is suffering from second or third-degree burns, there is an urgent need to take him/her to the hospital at once.
6. 如果伤者是二度或三度烧伤，必须立刻送往医院。

选修二册第五单元第56页阅读讲解

interrupt /ˌɪn.təˈrʌpt/ verb (STOP HAPPENING)[ T ]
to stop something from happening for a short period
短暂中止

scream /skriːm/ verb (MAKE NOISE)[ I or T ]
to cry or say something loudly and usually on a high note[音], especially because of strong emotions such as fear[fɪə(r)恐惧], excitement, or anger[ˈæŋɡə(r)愤怒]
（尤指因恐惧、兴奋、愤怒等强烈情绪而）尖叫，惊呼

fellow /ˈfel.əʊ/ adjective [ before noun ]
used to refer to someone who has the same job or interests as you, or is in the same situation as you
同事的；同伴的；同情况的

desperate /ˈdes.pər.ət/ adjective (RISKY[有风险的])
feeling that you have no hope and are ready to do anything to change the bad situation you are in
（因绝望而）拼命的，不顾一切的
Chen Wei, a high school student in Beijing, had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table. A fellow diner at the restaurant, Zhang Tao, was choking on some steak. He was now holding his throat with his face turning red, while his desperate friends were slapping him on the back.
北京高中生陈伟在吃晩餐，这时另一桌突然传来客人的尖叫声。原来餐馆里一个叫张涛的人被牛排噎住了。只见他按着喉咙，满脸通红，他的几个朋友正拼命拍打他的背部。

help sb to one's feet
扶某人站起来

Heimlich manoeuvre /ˈhaɪm.lɪk məˌnuː.vɚ/
noun [ S ] UK (US Heimlich maneuver)
an emergency method of removing something that is stuck in a person’s throat and is preventing that person from breathing, performed by putting sudden pressure on the person’s stomach[一种紧急方法，通过对人的胃施加突然压力来清除卡在人喉咙中并阻止该人呼吸的东西]
海姆利克急救法

instantly /ˈɪn.stənt.li/ adverb
immediately
立即，马上
Chen wasted no time. He got up and ran to Zhang's table at once. With the help of Zhang's friends, he was able to help Zhang to his feet. Then, standing behind Zhang, Chen did the Heimlich manoeuvre. The food was instantly forced out, and Zhang began to breathe again. Ten minutes later, an ambulance arrived. The doctors checked Zhang and made sure that he was fine. They suggested he eat more slowly and take smaller bites before they left.
陈伟毫不迟疑。他立刻起身，跑到张涛桌前。在张涛朋友们的帮助下，陈伟扶着他站了起来。接着，陈伟站在张涛的背后，实施海姆立克急救法。食物瞬间被排岀，张涛又能开始呼吸了。十分钟后，救护车赶到。医生们为张涛做了检查，确保他没有大碍。离开前，医生建议他吃饭要细嚼慢咽，小口进食。

choke /tʃəʊk/ verb (STOP BREATHING)[ I or T ]
If you choke, or if something chokes you, you stop breathing because something is blocking[堵住] your throat.
（使）窒息；（使）哽噎；（使）呼吸困难

collapse /kəˈlæps/ verb [ I ]
If someone collapses, they fall down because of being sick or weak.
（因疾病或虚弱而）倒下，昏倒
Choking victims usually have only about four minutes before they collapse and sometimes die, leaving no time for an ambulance to arrive. To solve this problem, in 1974, an American doctor, Henry Heimlich, created the Heimlich manoeuvre, saving thousands of lives around the world. Doing the Heimlich manoeuvre is quick practical, and easy. It is so easy, in fact, that almost anyone can learn how.
噎食者通常大约四分钟后就会瘫倒在地，有时甚至死亡，等不到救护车的到来。为解决这问题，1974年美国医生亨利·海姆立克发明了海姆立克急救法，挽救了全世界成千上万人的生命。海姆立克急救法简便、实用、见效快。事实上，它非常容易操作，几乎所有人都能学会。

obstruction /əbˈstrʌk.ʃən/ noun[ C or U ]
something that blocks a road, passage[通道], entrance, etc. so that nothing can go along it, or the act of blocking something in this way
阻塞物，障碍物

grab /ɡræb/ verb (TAKE WITH HAND)[ I or T ]
to take hold of something or someone suddenly and roughly[粗暴地]
攫取，抢夺

motion /ˈməʊ.ʃən/ noun (MOVEMENT)[ C or U ]
the act or process of moving, or a particular action or movement
动；运动；移动

in one motion
一气呵成
If you see someone choking, first call the emergency services.Then, make sure the victim is really choking: A choking person cannot speak. Slapping the victim's back will often force out the obstruction. If this does not work, you can perform the Heimlich manoeuvre by standing behind him and wrapping your arms around his waist. Make a fist with one hand and place it in the upper part of his stomach. Grabbing your fist with your other hand tightly, push up and into his stomach in one motion. Continue doing this until the obstruction is forced out.
如果你发现有人被噎住，首先拨打急救电话。然后，确定此人确实是被噎住了：人被噎时是无法说话的。拍打噎食者的背部通常可以将异物排出。如果不奏效，那么你可以实施海姆立克急救法。具体做法是：站在此人身后，用双臂环抱其腰部。手握拳，置于其上腹部，另一只手紧紧握住拳头，快速用力向上往里挤压。重复上述动作，直至异物排出。

recommend /ˌrek.əˈmend/ verb [ T ]
to suggest that someone or something would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be done
推荐，介绍；建议

as conjunction (BECAUSE)
because
因为，由于

lay /leɪ/ verb (PUT DOWN)[ T usually + adv/prep ]
to put something in especially a flat or horizontal[ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl水平的] position, usually carefully or for a particular purpose
放置，安放，平放

lap /læp/ noun (LEGS)[ C usually singular ]
the top surface of the upper part of the legs of a person who is sitting down
（坐着时的）大腿部

firm /fɜːm/ adjective (STRONG)
strong and tight
强有力的；紧紧的，牢牢的
Doing the Heimlich manoeuvre on a small child is not recommended, as you may hurt him. Instead, lay the child face down on your lap with the head lower than the rest of his body, and then give firm slaps to his upper back until he can breathe again.
不建议对小孩实施海姆立克急救法，因为你可能会伤到他/她。相反，应将孩子脸朝下放在大腿上，使其头部低于身体其他部位，然后用力拍打其上背部，直至他/她恢复呼吸。

with preposition (COMPANY)
used to say that people or things are in a place together or are doing something together
和…一起；和；跟随；同

count /kaʊnt/ verb (HAVE VALUE)[ I ]
to have value or importance
有价值；很重要；要紧

justify /ˈdʒʌs.tɪ.faɪ/ verb [ T ]
to give or to be a good reason for
为…辩护；证明…正当（或有理、正确）；是…的正当理由

welfare /ˈwel.feər/ noun [U] (HEALTH AND HAPPINESS)
physical and mental health and happiness, especially of a person
（尤指人的）幸福，福祉；安康
With choking victims, every minute counts. You cannot just stand by and do nothing. Luckily, Chen had learnt how to give first aid in school. Seeing Zhang choking, he remained calm and reacted immediately. Chen later said about the incident, "How could I justify sitting there and doing nothing? We are all humans and we all have a responsibility to look after one another's welfare.”
救助噎食者，分秒必争。不要袖手旁观。幸运的是，陈伟在学校学过急救方法。看到张涛噎住，他保持冷静，且反应迅速。后来，陈伟谈起此事吋说道：“我有什么理由坐在那儿袖手旁观呢？大家都是人，我们都有责任关心彼此的幸福。”