选修三册第一单元阅读讲解

选修三册第一单元第02页阅读讲解

A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
西方绘画简史

precise /prɪˈsaɪs/ adjective (EXACT)
exact and accurate[ˈæk.jə.rət]
精确的；准确的，确切的

as conjunction (BECAUSE)
because
因为，由于

over preposition (DURING)
during something, or while doing something
在…期间
What is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
什么是西方艺术？很难给出一个明确的定义。由于西方艺术风格多种多样，不可能在一篇短文中描述全部。也许，了解西方艺术的最好方法就是回顾若干个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。

The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)
中世纪时期（5-15世纪）

thus /ðʌs/ adverb formal
with this result
因此，从而

paint /peɪnt/ verb [ I or T ]
to make a picture using paints
（用颜料）画，绘

primitive /ˈprɪm.ɪ.tɪv/ adjective
relating to human society at a very early stage of development, with people living in a simple way without machines or a writing system
原始的，早期的，远古的

two-dimensional /ˌtuː.daɪˈmen.ʃən.əl/ adjective (SHAPE)
flat, having width and length but not depth
二维的，平面的

while conjunction (ALTHOUGH)
(also formal whilst)
despite the fact that; although
虽然；尽管

impact /ˈɪm.pækt/ noun [ C usually singular, U ]
the force or action of one object hitting another
冲击（力）；撞击（力）
During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
中世纪时期，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，艺术家们对描绘真实场景并无兴趣，他们的作品往往是原始的、二维的，主角也通常被塑造得比其他人高大许多，以显示其重要性。13世纪乔托·迪·邦多纳（1267年—1337年）的出现改变了这一现象。尽管他的绘画仍是宗教主题，但展示了真实环境中的真实人物。他的绘画尤其以逼真的人脸和强烈的情感冲击而与众不同。

the Renaissance /rəˈneɪ.səns/ noun [ S ]
the period of new growth of interest and activity in the areas of art, literature, and ideas in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries
（15和16世纪时欧洲，尤指意大利北部的）文艺复兴，文艺复兴时期
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
文艺复兴时期（14-17世纪）

adopt /əˈdɒpt/ verb (START USING)[ T ]
to accept or start to use something new
接受；采用；采纳

adopt /əˈdɒpt/ verb (CHOOSE)[ T ]
to choose someone or something or take something as your own
选定；选用；采用

humanistic[ˌhjuːmə'nɪstɪk]adj.
人文主义的；人本主义的；人道主义的

breakthrough /ˈbreɪk.θruː/ noun [ C ]
an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem
重大进展；突破

perspective /pəˈspek.tɪv/ noun (ART)[ U ]
the way that objects appear smaller when they are further away and the way parallel lines appear to meet each other at a point in the distance[物体越远越小，平行线在远处某一点相交的方式]
透视（画）法

influential /ˌɪn.fluˈen.ʃəl/ adjective
having a lot of influence on someone or something
有影响力的

innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ noun [ C or U ]
(the use of) a new idea or method
新观念；新方法；（新观念或方法的）创造，使用
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on religious themes. They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401-1428). Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519), Michelangelo(1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio's innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.
新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪时期旧的思想和价值观。因此，画家们较少关注宗教主题。他们开始对生活采取一种更为人性化的态度。这一时期的一项重大突破是马萨乔（1401年-1428年）对透视法的运用。在乔托和马萨乔创新的基础上，莱昂纳多·达·芬奇（1452年—1519年）、米开朗琪罗（1475年-1564年）和拉斐尔（1483年—1520年）等颇具影响力的画家创作出了欧洲有史以来最伟大的一些艺术作品。

paints /peɪnt/ [ plural ]
tubes of paint or blocks of dried paint used for making pictures[用于绘画的颜料管或干颜料块]
绘画颜料

realism /ˈrɪə.lɪ.zəm/ noun [U] (ART)
paintings, films, books, etc. that try to represent life as it really is
（绘画、电影、书籍等的）现实主义，现实主义风格

reputation /ˌrep.jəˈteɪ.ʃən/ noun [ C usually singular, U ]
the opinion that people in general have about someone or something, or how much respect or admiration someone or something receives, based on past behaviour or character[基于过去的行为或性格，人们通常对某人或某事的看法，或某人或某事受到多少尊重或钦佩]
名誉；声望；名望
Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt(1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.
另一大创新是油性颜料的使用。凭借其浓重的色彩和写实主义，一些最好的油画作品看上去与照片相似。虽然像达·芬奇这么早的画家就已经开始用颜料画画，但这一技艺走向鼎盛则始于获得光影大师称号的伦勃朗（1606年-1609年）。

matter /ˈmæt.ər/ noun (SITUATION)[ C ]
a situation or subject that is being dealt with or considered
事情，事件

emphasis /ˈem.fə.sɪs/ noun [ C or U ]
plural emphases['emfəsi:z]
the particular importance or attention that is given to something
重视；强调

increasingly /ɪnˈkriː.sɪŋ.li/ adverb
more and more
越来越多地，不断增加地

noble /ˈnəʊ.bəl/ noun [ C ]
a person of the highest social group in some countries
贵族

rank /ræŋk/ noun (POSITION)[ C or U ]
a position in an organization, such as the army, showing the importance of the person having it
职位；官阶；军衔；地位

purchase /ˈpɜː.tʃəs/ verb [ T ] formal
to buy something
购买

accurate /ˈæk.jə.rət/ adjective
correct, exact, and without any mistakes
准确的；精确的；正确的

mythology /mɪˈθɒl.ə.dʒi/ noun [U] (ANCIENT STORIES)
myths[mɪθs 神话] in general[一般的神话]
神话
In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
在题材方面，重心日益从宗教主题转向我们身边的人与世界。国王、贵族和地位显赫的人都想购买自己及其所爱之人的精确画像，而其他人想要的则是展示重大历史事件或神话故事的绘画。最后，大多数顾客想要的是漂亮、有趣的绘画。

Impressionism /ɪmˈpreʃ.ən.ɪ.zəm/ noun [ U ] ART
a style of painting, which began in France in the 1860s, in which the artist tries to represent the effects of light on an object, person, area of countryside, etc.
印象主义，印象派（源于19世纪60年代法国的一种绘画风格，试图表现物体、人物、乡村景物等的光线作用效果）
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
印象派时期（19世纪末20世纪初）

photography /fəˈtɒɡ.rə.fi/ noun [ U ]
the activity or job of taking photographs or filming
摄影；摄影业；照片

preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/ verb [ T ]
to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying[腐蚀] or being damaged[损害] or destroyed[毁坏]
保护，维护；保留；保养

hence /hens/ adverb (THEREFORE)
that is the reason or explanation for
因此，所以

emerge /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/ verb [I] (APPEAR)
to appear by coming out of something or out from behind something
出现，浮现；露出

convey /kənˈveɪ/ verb [T] (COMMUNICATE)
to express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people
表达，传达（思想、感情或想法）

subjective /səbˈdʒek.tɪv/ adjective
influenced by or based on personal beliefs or feelings, rather than based on facts
主观的
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century. After that, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene——the subjective impression the scene gave him——but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
在19世纪中叶摄影术发明之前，西方艺术发展缓慢。摄影术发明之后，绘画不再需要保留人与世界的模样。因此，画家必须找到一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。于是，印象主义在法国应运而生。这项新运动的名称源自克劳德·莫奈（1840年-1926年）名为《日出·印象》的绘画作品。在这幅作品里，莫奈的目的是传递场景中的光与运动即场景给予他的主观印象，而非对场景本身的一种具体记录。

while conjunction (ALTHOUGH)
(also formal whilst)
despite the fact that; although
虽然；尽管

Impressionist /ɪmˈpreʃ.ən.ɪst/ noun [ C ] ART
an artist who paints in the style of Impressionism
印象派画家

unlike /ʌnˈlaɪk/ preposition (DIFFERENT FROM)
different from
不像；与…不同

seek /siːk/ verb (SEARCH)[ T ]
sought | sought
to try to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object
寻找；寻求（尤指非物质的东西）

subject /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/ noun [C] (AREA OF DISCUSSION)
the thing that is being discussed, considered, or studied
（讨论、考虑或研究的）主题，话题；问题；题目
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919), focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and-white photographs of that time period, Renoir's paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well.
虽然许多印象派画家描绘的是大自然或日常生活中的场景，但是雷诺阿（1841年-1919年）等其他画家却侧重于人物。与那一时期冷色调的黑白照片不同，雷诺阿的绘画饱含光影、色彩和生活元素。他力求既展示主题人物的外在形象，又展现其内在的温暖和人性。

Modern Art (from the 20th century to today)
现代艺术时期（20世纪至今）

subsequent /ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt/ adjective
happening after something else
随后的，接着的

cubism /ˈkjuː.bɪ.zəm/ noun [ U ] ART
a style of modern art in which an object or person is shown as a set of geometric[ˌdʒiːəˈmetrɪk 几何(学)的] shapes and as if seen from many different angles[ˈæŋɡl 角度] at the same time
立体派（以几何图形来表现物体和人物，好像同时从不同角度观察物体的现代艺术流派）

still /stɪl/ adverb (CONTINUING)
continuing to happen or continuing to be done
还，还是；仍然，依旧

abstract /ˈæb.strækt/ adjective (GENERAL)
existing as an idea, feeling, or quality, not as a material object
抽象的；纯理论的；纯概念的

attempt /əˈtempt/ verb [ T ]
to try to do something, especially something difficult
（尤指为完成难事而进行）努力，尝试

instead /ɪnˈsted/ adverb
in place of someone or something else
作为替代
After Impressionism, subsequent artists began to ask, "What do we do next?" Painters such as Picasso (1881-1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality. Still others turned to abstract art. What they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, "What is art?"
在印象主义之后，后代的艺术家们开始发问：“接下来我们应该做什么？”毕加索（181 年-1973年）等画家试图分析自然世界中存在的形状，但是以一种新的方式—立体主义。其他画家则赋予自己的绘画一种写实却又梦幻般的品质。还有一些画家则转向抽象艺术。他们所做的尝试不再是展示现实，而是提出这一问题：“艺术是什么？”

选修三册第一单元第08页阅读讲解

ANCIENT CHINESE ART ON SHOW
中国古代艺术展

fine art /ˌfaɪn ˈɑːt/ noun[ U ]
drawings, paintings, and sculptures[ˈskʌlptʃə(r) 雕塑] that are admired for their beauty and have no practical use
（总称）美术作品

present /prɪˈzent/ verb [T] (GIVE)
to give, provide, or make something known
赠送，授予；提交；展现

as /æz/ conjunction (WHILE)
during the time that
当…时；在…的同时；随着

bronze /brɒnz/ adjective
being dark orange-brown in colour, like the metal[ˈmetl 金属] bronze[青铜]
古铜色的，青铜色的

ceramic /səˈræm.ɪk/ adjective
made from clay that has been shaped and then baked until hard[由粘土制成，成型后烘烤至坚硬]
陶器的;陶瓷的

jade /dʒeɪd/ noun [ U ]
a precious[ˈpreʃəs 珍贵的] green stone from which jewellery[ˈdʒuːəlri 珠宝] and small decorative[ˈdekərətɪv 装饰性的] items are made, especially in China and Japan
玉；翡翠

ink wash painting
水墨画(一种毛笔画,使用深浅不一的黑色墨水)
The Richfield Museum of Fine Art is proud to present our new exhibition, "from Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages." Join us as we explore more than 3,000 years of wonderful art from the Middle Kingdom. From bronze bowls to ceramic vases, and jade sculptures to ink wash paintings, our goal is to display the Chinese artistic genius from ancient times.
里奇菲尔德艺术博物馆隆重推出我们的新展——“从商朝到清朝：中国历代艺术”。加入我们吧、一起来探索来自“中央王国”三千多年的精彩纷呈的艺术。无论从青铜碗到陶瓷花瓶，还是从玉雕到水墨画，我们的目的是展示古代中国的艺术天赋。

clear /klɪər/ verb (MAKE PURE)[ I or T ]
to become or make something pure or easy to see through
（使）变清楚，（使）变清晰

pass /pæs/ noun (PATH)[ C ]
a path or road between or over mountains
山道，山口；要隘

entry noun (WAY IN)[ C or U ]
the act of entering a place or joining a particular society or organization
进入；加入，参加

the civil service /ˌsɪv.əl ˈsɜː.vɪs/ noun
the government departments responsible for putting central government plans into action
（政府的）文职部门，行政机构

in preposition (DURING)
during part or all of a period of time
在…期间

in preposition (RESULT)
used when referring to something that is done as a result of something else
（表示一事为另一事的结果）作为

extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔː.dɪn.ər.i/ adjective
very unusual, special, unexpected, or strange
非凡的；特别的；意想不到的；令人惊奇的
The highlight of this exhibition is the painting Clearing After Snow on a Mountain Pass, one of the great works of Tang Yin (1470-1524). Born during the Ming Dynasty, Tang sought and failed to gain entry into the civil service, so he turned to painting instead. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known. This painting, showing high mountains, trees, and houses covered in snow, was made with extraordinary skill. Though it is over 500 years old, it looks as fresh and full of life as the day it was created.
本次展览的亮点是唐寅（1470年—1524年）著名的画作之《函关雪霁图》。唐寅生于明朝，一心想要踏入仕途而不得，因此转而从事绘画。最终，他被公认是中国历史上最伟大的艺术家之一。这幅作品呈现了白雪覆盖下的高山、树木和房屋，技法超乎寻常。虽然已有500多年之久，但它看起来仍然和创作的那一天一样栩栩如生、充满活力。

primary /ˈpraɪ.mər.i/ adjective (MAIN)
more important than anything else; main
首要的；主要的

note /nəʊt/ noun (IMPORTANCE)[ U ] formal
importance, or the fact that something deserves attention
重要性；值得注意之处

collection /kəˈlek.ʃən/ noun (THINGS TOGETHER) [ C ]
a lot of things or people
一堆（东西）；一群（人）

bronze /brɒnz/ noun[ U ]
a brown metal[ˈmetl 金属] made of copper[ˈkɒpə(r) 铜] and tin[tɪn 锡]
青铜

while /waɪl/ conjunction (ALTHOUGH)
(also formal whilst)
despite the fact that; although
虽然；尽管

piece /piːs/ noun [C] (THING)
a single object of a particular type
（某类事物中的）一件，一个，一条

item /ˈaɪ.təm/ noun [ C ]
something that is part of a list or group of things
条，项目;一件商品(或物品)
Also of primary note is a collection of nearly 100 bronze objects from the Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE-1046 BCE). While the artists who made these great works are not known, they showed great skill in creating these beautiful pieces. Some of the items on display are thought to have come from the collection of Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799), a great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze.
同样值得重点关注的还有一组近百件的商朝（公元前1600年一公元前1046年）青铜器。尽管制作这些青铜器的艺术家不为人所知，但是在创作这些精美器物的过程中，他们展现出了非凡的技艺。部分展品被认为是来自对商朝青铜器大为赞赏的乾隆皇帝（1711年-1799年）的收藏品。

Buddhist /ˈbʊd.ɪst/ noun [ C ] RELIGION
someone who believes in Buddhism['bʊdɪzəm 佛教]
佛教徒

expansion /ɪkˈspæn.ʃən/ noun [ C or U ]
the increase[增加] of something in size, number, or importance
（尺寸、数量或重要性的）扩大，增加，扩展

boom /buːm/ verb (GROW)[ I ]
to increase or become successful and produce a lot of money very quickly
增长；迅速发展

thus /ðʌs/ adverb formal
with this result
因此，从而

intend /ɪnˈtend/ verb [ T ]
to have as a plan or purpose
打算，计划

exceptional /ɪkˈsep.ʃən.əl/ adjective
much greater than usual, especially in skill, intelligence, quality, etc.
（尤指在技能、才智、品质等方面）卓越的，杰出的，不同凡响的

figure /ˈfɪɡ.ər/ noun [ C ]
a painting, drawing, or model of a person
画像，肖像；塑像

one /wʌn/ pronoun (ANY PERSON)formal
any person, but not a particular person
任何人；一个人
Finally, we have many fine examples of Tang Dynasty (618-907) sculptures. Most of these are of Buddhist origin. Even though Buddhism entered China much earlier, it did not really begin to show expansion until the seventh century. During this same period, trade along the Silk Road also boomed. Chinese sculpture thus found itself highly influenced by Buddhist art brought from India and Central Asia through the Silk Road. These works were intended to spread Buddhism and they are of exceptional beauty and quality. Looking at the faces of the figures in these sculptures, one sees the faces of the past. History is brought to life.
最后，我们还有许多唐朝（618年一907年）雕塑作品。作品大多数源于佛教。尽管佛教传入中国为时更早，但直到七世纪它才真正开始广泛传播。同一时期，丝绸之路沿线的贸易也蓬勃发展。中国雕塑因此深受经丝绸之路从印度和中亚传来的佛教艺术的影响。这些作品的目的是传播佛教，它们都精美绝伦，品质非凡。看着这些雕塑中人物的脸部，（你）可以看到过去的面貌。历史“复活”了。

taste /teɪst/ noun (EXPERIENCE)[ S ]
a short experience of something
短暂的体验

store /stɔːr/ noun [C] (STH KEPT)
an amount of something that is being kept for future use
储存量，储备量

guarantee /ˌɡær.ənˈtiː/ noun
to promise that something will happen or exist
保证；担保；保障

transport /trænˈspɔːt/ verb [T] (GOODS/PEOPLE)
to take goods or people from one place to another
运输，运送，输送

transport /trænˈspɔːt/ verb [T] (FEELING)literary
If something transports you to a different time or place, it makes you feel as if you were in it.
使产生身临其境的感觉
This is just a small taste of what is in store for you in this exhibition. We guarantee that "From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages" will transport you to another time with its amazing collection of works.
以上只是让你稍微感受下你将在本次展览上看到什么。我们保证“从商朝到清朝：中国历代艺术”展览将通过其精彩的藏品带你进人另一个时代。

"From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages" will run until November 25.
“从商朝到清朝：中国历代艺术”展览将持续至11月25日。

admit /ədˈmɪt/ verb (ALLOW IN)[ T ]
to allow someone to enter a place
允许…进入
Opening hours are from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., from Tuesday to Sunday (the museum is closed on Mondays). No one will be admitted into the exhibition after 4:30 p.m.
开馆时间为周二至周日（博物馆每周一闭馆）上午9时至下午5时。下午4：30后停止人馆。

admission /ədˈmɪʃ.ən/ noun (ALLOWING IN)[ U or C ]
the money that you pay to enter a place
入场费，门票费
Admission: $10 for adults; $8 for students; $5 for children under 12; free for children under 5.
门票：成人10美元；学生8美元；12岁以下儿童5美元；5岁以下儿童免费。

No photos or food and drink are allowed in the museum.
博物馆内禁止拍照、携带食物和饮料。
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