billion
noun [ C ]
the number 1,000,000,000
十亿
native
adjective
[ before noun ]
relating to or describing someone's country or place of birth or someone who was born in a particular country or place
出生国的；出生地的；土生土长的
[ before noun ]
relating to the first people to live in an area
土著的，土著人的
used to refer to plants and animals that grow naturally in a place, and have not been brought there from somewhere else
（动植物）原产于某地的，土生的
noun [ C ]
a person who was born in a particular place, or a plant or animal that lives or grows naturally in a place and has not been brought from somewhere else
本地人；土生植物；本地的动物
attitude
noun (OPINION)
[ C or U ]
a feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this
心态；看法；态度
reference
noun (MENTION)
[ C or U ]
a mention of something
提到；谈到；论及
noun (IN A PIECE OF WRITING)
[ C ]
a writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of writing, showing you where particular information was found
引文出处；参考书目
noun (LOOK AT)
[ U ]
a quick look at a book, piece of paper, etc. in order to find information and help
参考，查阅
refer
vi. 参考；涉及；提到；查阅
vt. 涉及；委托；归诸于；使…求助于
refer to sb/sth
-rr-
to talk or write about someone or something, especially in only a few words
（尤指简短地）提到，谈及，谈起
If writing or information refers to someone or something, it relates to that person or thing
涉及…；与…相关
system
noun (SET)
[ C ]
a set of connected things or devices that operate together
（协同工作的）系统
noun (METHOD)
[ C ]
a way of doing things
方法，方式；体制，制度
[ C ]
a particular method of counting, measuring, or weighing things
（计算或度量衡）体系
despite
preposition
without taking any notice of or being influenced by; not prevented by
不管；尽管；无论
ups and downs
noun [ plural ]
If someone or something experiences ups and downs, a mixture of good and bad things happens to him, her, or it.
盛衰；沉浮
factor
noun [C] (FACT)
a fact or situation that influences the result of something
因素；要素
based
adj. 基地在……的；在……居住（或工作）；（以某事）为基础，为根据
base
verb [ T usually + adv/prep ]
to have a particular town or area, etc. as the main place that you live and work in, or where you do business from
以某处（城市或地区等）作为生活、工作、经商的主要地点；将某地设为总部
noun (BOTTOM)
[ C ]
the bottom part of an object, on which it rests, or the lowest part of something
基底，底座；底层，底子
noun (NECESSARY PART)
[ C ]
the activity or people from which someone or something gets most of their support, money, etc.
基础，支柱
date back to
追溯到；从…开始有
bone
noun [ C or U ]
any of the hard parts inside a human or animal that make up its frame
骨，骨头
shell
noun (COVERING)
[ C or U ]
the hard outer covering of something, especially nuts, eggs, and some animals
（尤指坚果、蛋、某些动物的）壳
symbol
noun [ C ]
a sign, shape, or object that is used to represent something else
标志，象征
a number, letter, or sign used in mathematics, music, science, etc.
符号，代号，记号
carve
verb [ I or T ]
to make something by cutting into especially wood or stone, or to cut into the surface of stone, wood, etc.
（尤指在石头或木头上）雕刻
dynasty
noun [ C ]
a series of rulers or leaders who are all from the same family, or a period when a country is ruled by them
王朝，朝代
variety
noun (CHANGE)
[ U ]
the characteristic of often changing and being different
多样化；变化
noun (TYPE)
[ C ]
a different type of something
不同种类；不同品种
[ S ]
many different types of things or people
各种各样；多种类型
major
adjective (IMPORTANT)
[ before noun ]
more important, bigger, or more serious than others of the same type
较重要的；主要的；重大的
noun [C] (SPECIAL SUBJECT)
US
the most important subject that a college or university student is studying, or the student himself or herself
（大学生的）专业，主修课程；（大学专业的）主修学生
verb
major in sth [US]
to study something as your main subject at college or university
主修，以…为专业
no matter what, when, why, etc.
used to emphasize that something is always true, or that someone must do something
不管什么／何时／为什么等
dialect
noun [ C or U ] LANGUAGE
a form of a language that people speak in a particular part of a country, containing some different words and grammar, etc.
方言，土语，地方话
means
noun (METHOD)
[ C ]
a method or way of doing something
方法，手段
classic
adjective (HIGH QUALITY)
having a high quality or standard against which other things are judged
经典的；优秀的；一流的
adjective (TYPICAL)
having all the characteristics or qualities that you expect
典型的；有代表性的
noun (HIGH QUALITY)
[ C ]
a piece of writing, a musical recording, or a film that is well known and of a high standard and lasting value
（书、音乐或电影的）经典作品，杰作
regard
verb [ T usually + adv/prep ]
to consider or have an opinion about something or someone
考虑，思考；将…认为；看待
noun [ U ] formal
respect or admiration for someone or something
尊敬，尊重；关心，关注
character
noun (QUALITY)
[ C or U ]
the particular combination of qualities in a person or place that makes them different from others
性格，个性；特征
[ U ]
qualities that are interesting and unusual
风格，特色，特点
noun (IN A STORY)
[ C ]
a person represented in a film, play, or story
（电影、戏剧或故事中的）人物，角色
noun (MARK)
[ C ]
a letter, number, or other mark or sign used in writing or printing, or the space one of these takes
（书写或印刷的）字母，字（或数字、标记、符号）；字符
calligraphy
noun [ U ]
(the art of producing) beautiful writing, often created with a special pen or brush
书法；书法艺术
global
adjective (WORLD)
relating to the whole world
全球的，全世界的
affair
noun [C] (MATTER)
a situation or subject that is being dealt with or considered
事务；事情
a matter or situation that causes strong public feeling, usually of moral disapproval
（通常指在道德上被谴责的）事件
noun [C] (RELATIONSHIP)
a sexual relationship, especially a secret one
（尤指秘密的）性关系；私通；风流韵事
appreciate
verb (VALUE)
to recognize how good someone or something is and to value him, her, or it
欣赏；赏识；重视
[ T ]
to understand a situation and realize that it is important
理解，领会；意识到
verb (INCREASE)
[ I ]
to increase in value
涨价；增值
I/we appreciate...
used when you are thanking someone or showing that you are grateful
我／我们对…非常感谢
would appreciate
used when you are politely asking for something
（用于礼貌地请求某事）（如果…）将不胜感激
specific
adjective (PARTICULAR)
relating to one thing and not others; particular
特定的；特有的
adjective (EXACT)
clear and exact
明确的；确切的；具体的
CE
adverb
abbreviation for Common Era or Christian era: used when referring to a year after the birth of Jesus Christ when the Christian calendar starts counting years
公元（Common Era的缩写）
struggle
verb (EFFORT)
[ I ]
to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something
奋斗，努力，拼搏
noun [C] (EFFORT)
a very difficult task that you can do only by making a great effort
（应对困难而需要的）挣扎；努力，奋斗
tongue
noun (MOUTH PART)
[ C ]
the large, soft piece of flesh in the mouth that you can move, and is used for tasting, speaking, etc.
舌头
noun (LANGUAGE)
[ C ] literary
a language
语言
point of view
noun [ C ]
plural points of view
a way of considering something
（思考的）角度，着眼点
an opinion
观点，想法
semester
noun [ C ]
one of the periods into which a year is divided at a college or university, especially in the US and Australia
（尤指美国和澳大利亚大学的）学期
gas
noun (AIR SUBSTANCE)
[ C or U ]
a substance in a form like air that is neither solid nor liquid
气，气体
[ C or U ]
a substance in a form like air that is used as a fuel for heating and cooking
气体燃料，煤气，天然气
noun (LIQUID FUEL)
[ U ] US
(also formal gasoline); (UK petrol)
a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for cars, aircraft, and other vehicles
汽油
petrol
noun [ U ] UK
(US gas)
a liquid obtained from petroleum, used especially as a fuel for cars and other vehicles
汽油
subway
noun [C] (RAILWAY)
mainly US
(UK usually underground)
a railway system in which electric trains travel through tunnels below ground
地铁；地铁交通
apartment
noun
[ C ] mainly US
(UK usually flat)
a set of rooms for living in, especially on one floor of a building
公寓套房
pants
noun [ plural ]
UK
(also underpants)
a piece of underwear covering the area between the waist and the tops of the legs
内裤
US
(UK trousers)
a piece of clothing that covers the lower part of the body from the waist to the feet, consisting of two cylinder-shaped parts, one for each leg, that are joined at the top
裤子
beg
verb
-gg-
[ I or T ]
to make a very strong and urgent request
乞求
[ I or T ]
to ask for food or money because you are poor
乞讨
equal
adjective (SAME)
the same in amount, number, or size
（数量、大小）相同的，相等的
the same in importance and deserving the same treatment
（地位、待遇）平等的，同等的
adjective (ABLE)
[ after verb ] formal
skilled or brave enough for a difficult duty or piece of work
（能力、勇气）胜任的，合适的，相当的
noun [ C ]
someone or something that has the same importance as someone or something else and deserves the same treatment
（应获得同等待遇的）同等的人或物
gap
noun (HOLE)
[ C ]
an empty space or opening in the middle of something or between two things
缺口；豁口；裂口
noun (DIFFERENCE)
[ S ]
a difference between two things
差距；分歧；隔阂
[ C usually singular ]
a period of time spent doing something different
（时间上的）间断，间隔，间隙
demand
verb [T] (REQUEST)
to ask for something forcefully, in a way that shows that you do not expect to be refused
坚决请求，强烈要求；强要
verb [T] (NEED)
to need something such as time, effort, or a particular quality
需要，要求（时间、精力、特定数量等）
noun (REQUEST)
[ C ]
a strong request
强烈的要求，坚决的请求
noun (NEED)
[ C or U ]
a need for something to be sold or supplied
需求
vocabulary
noun [ C ]
all the words known and used by a particular person
词汇量；（某人掌握的）全部词汇
description
noun [ C or U ]
something that tells you what something or someone is like
描述，描写，描绘
be beyond description
(also defy description)
to be something that you cannot describe accurately because of its great size, quality, or level
无法形容，难以描述
relate
verb [T] (CONNECT)
to find or show the connection between two or more things
找到联系；证明…有联系
verb [T] (TELL)
[ T ] formal
to tell a story or describe a series of events
讲述；叙述；讲
relate to sb/sth
to be connected to, or to be about someone or something
涉及；与…相关；有关
Korean
adjective
belonging to or relating to North or South Korea, their people, or their language
韩国的；韩国人的；韩语的
noun
[ C ]
a person from North Korea or South Korea
韩国人
[ U ]
the main language spoken in North Korea and South Korea
韩语，朝鲜语
Danish
adjective
belonging to or relating to Denmark, its people, or its language
丹麦的；丹麦人的；丹麦语的
noun
[ U ]
the main language spoken in Denmark
丹麦语
Denmark
noun
a country in northern Europe
丹麦
Arabic
noun [ U ]
a language spoken in Western Asia and North Africa
阿拉伯语
adjective
阿拉伯的；阿拉伯人的；阿拉伯文化的（语言、文字、文学）
FIFA
noun
abbreviation of Fédération Internationale de Football Association: the organization that controls international football and organizes the World Cup
国际足球联合会（Fédération Internationale de Football Association的缩写）
